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User:Leo1pard/sandbox/Organized fights between bears and bulls

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Organized fights between bears and bulls

In the past, fights were organized between bears and bulls.[1][2][3] Bears are a family of caniforms in the Mammalian Order of 'Carnivora'[4] They are divided into the following species: Giant panda, Spectacled bear, Asiatic black bear, American black bear, Sun bear, Sloth bear,[5] Brown bear and Polar bear.[6] Bovidae are a family of terrestrial ungulates in the Mammalian Order of 'Artiodactyla'. Besides Bovinae, the family of Bovidae includes the subfamilies of Aepycerotinae (impalas), Alcelaphinae (including bonteboks and wildebeest), Antilopinae (including dik-diks and gazelles), Caprinae (including goats and sheep), Cephalophinae (duikers), Hippotraginae (including oryxes and roan antelopes), and Reduncinae (including reedbucks and waterbucks). Besides Bovini-Bovinae, the sub-family of Bovinae includes other genera, like the kudu and nilgai.[7] The word 'bull' often refers to male, domesticated members of the Species Bos taurus,[8] which is in the same tribe as banteng, bison, Bubalus buffaloes, gaurs, Syncerus buffaloes, yaks and others, which can also be domesticated, at least partially, or for most of these species or genuses, some of which can mate with Taurine cattle to produce fertile offspring,[9][10] and their males may also be called ‘bulls’.[11][12] Their tribe is that of Bovini in the Sub-family of Bovinae in the Family of Bovidae[11][13]

Styles of attacking or fighting

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When attacking or fighting, a bull would thrust its head, which is armed with horns, upwards, whereas a bear would swoop its paw, which is armed with claws,[14][5] downwards.[15] For that reason, in Economics, if a market has a downward trend for a prolonged period of time, then it is called a "bear market," whereas, if it has an upward trend for a prolonged period of time, then it is called a "bull market."[15][16] However, these are not the only styles that they may use.[14][7]

Bears

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In addition to claws, bears have canine teeth, with which they can bite flesh or food.[14][17][18] They predate on predate on victims, by biting them on the head, neck or back, and eating contents in the abdomen,[14] or using their paws to claw those parts of the body, or break them or their bones.[18]

Bulls

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When locking horns, which involves using their strengths, fights between bulls are not normally fatal or injurious, as they tend to aim for each other's horns, rather than their bodies. In addition to horns, which they can swing with their necks, bulls have hooves with which they can kick opponents. Due to the arrangements of their bones, their limbs can have wide angles of flexion and extension, but lateral movement is limited.[7]

History of fighting or killing

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The Roman Empire

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Ancient Romans used to keep animals for bloody spectacles or Gladiatorial games, including bears and bulls.[19]

California

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California used to have organized fights between bears and bulls, in the 19th Century, and before that, during Spanish Colonial Rule.[1][2][3]

Irving, in his book, The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, wrote that a bear was baited, and likewise, a wild, fierce bull, before they were brought to an arena is a small amphitheatre in Monterey, California, to fight each other. He called the fight "a favorite, though barbarous sport." In this case, he said that the bear used its sharp claws against the nose of the bull, before catching its tongue, after being repeatedly gored by the bull. Then the bull overturned it "with a desperate effort," and then 'dispatched' it rather easily.[2]

Storer and Trevis (1955) mentioned a number of stories of organized fights between Californian Grizzly bears and bulls. They (1955) said that bears usually won, even in cases of bulls outnumbering bears. In a case of the bear winning, the bear would use its teeth to catch a bull between its horns, on its nose, which would allow the bear to move its head enough to twist its neck, or bite a part of the bull's body, like the tongue, or use its paws to catch or harm the bull, like in squeezing its neck, or catching its tongue. In a case of the bull winning, victory could come early, when the bull used its strength to gore the bear to death, with its horns, or toss the bear into the air. Kingsley (1920) said that the bulls that fought the bears, at least while California was part of the United States, were not domesticated Hereford bulls, but Spanish Fighting Bulls, whose weight, agility, speed, sharp horns and hot temper were said to be dangerous to both bears and humans, and Wistar (1937) said that those bulls were fearless.[1]

According to Cahuilla people, who claimed to be able to communicate with bears, one of their men attended a fight at a pueblo in Los Angeles. During the first part of the fight, the bull kept knocking down the bear, before the man whispered to the bear that it had to defend itself, or else it would be killed. Upon that, the bear fought back, and broke the bull's neck (Ibid, p. 116).[1]

Mexico

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Storer and Trevis (1955) mentioned the account of Albert Evans, who said that he saw an uncommon incident at a Plaza de Toros in Veracruz, Mexico, in January 1870. A bear called 'Samson' dug a hole so large that it could hold an elephant, before using its large paws to carry and throw an opposing bull headfirst into the hole, paw-swipe its side till its breath appeared to have been half-knocked out of its body, and then use one paw to hold the bull, and the other to bury it alive.[1]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Tracy Irwin Storer; Lloyd Pacheco Tevis (1996). California Grizzly. University of California Press. pp. 42–187. ISBN 978-0-520-20520-8. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
  2. ^ a b c Washington, Irving (1837), "Gay life at Monterey – Mexican horsemen – A bold dragoon – Use of the lasso – Vaqueros – Noosing a bear – Fight between a bull and a bear – Departure from Monterey – Indian horse stealers – Outrages committed by the travellers – Indignation of Captain Bonneville", The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U.S.A., in the Rocky Mountains and the far West, retrieved 2016-03-24
  3. ^ a b Brown, David E. (1996). The Grizzly in the Southwest: Documentary of an Extinction. University of Oklahoma Press. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  4. ^ Wang, Xiaoming, Malcolm C. McKenna, and Demberelyin Dashzeveg (2005). "Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, Central Mongolia and Phylogeny of Basal Arctoids with Comments on Zoogeography" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3483): 57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2016-02-25.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Servheen, C., Salter, R. E. (1999). "Chapter 11: Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan". Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp. 219–224. Retrieved 2016-06-25. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Waits, Lisette (1999). "Rapid radiation events in the family Ursidae indicated by likelihood phylogenetic estimation from multiple fragments of mtDNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 13: 82–92. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0637. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  7. ^ a b c Gomez, W.; Patterson, T. A.; Swinton, J.; Berini, J. (2011). "Bovidae: antelopes, cattle, gazelles, goats, sheep, and relatives". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  8. ^ "G Jayawardhana (2006), ''Testicle Size - A Fertility Indicator in Bulls'', Australian Government Agnote K44" (PDF). March 2006. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  9. ^ "Yattle What?". Washington Post. 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  10. ^ Bear Planet. "Ultimate ungulate page on banteng". Retrieved 2016-03-01.
  11. ^ a b Maceachern S., McEwan J., Goddard M. (2009-04-24). "Phylogenetic reconstruction and the identification of ancient polymorphism in the Bovini tribe (Bovidae, Bovinae)". BMC Genomics. Retrieved 2016-02-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Cattle Today. "Breeds of Cattle at CATTLE TODAY". Cattle-today.com. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
  13. ^ Groves, C. P., 1981. Systematic relationships in the Bovini (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 4:289–299., quoted in Grubb, P. (2005). "Genus Bison". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  14. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Smith1993 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Investopedia was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Fontanillsetal2001 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Lariviere was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Predation2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Hoage, Robert J., Roskell, Anne and Mansour, Jane, "Menageries and Zoos to 1900", in New World, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century, Hoage, Robert J. and Deiss, William A. (ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996, pp.8-18. ISBN 0-8018-5110-6
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