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• Hall, Michael R. and Tucker, Spencer C. "V Corps." In The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. Spencer Tucker, ed. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2009.

Second Corps Badge

General Orders No. 99, War Department, Adjutant-general's Office, Washington, July 15, 1898.

When the land forces of the United States are organized into army corps, divisions, and brigades, the same will be designated by the following symbols, flags, and pennants, and badges, made according to description and designs in the office of the Quartermaster-General:

Symbols.

Second Corps, a four-leaf clover.

The corps symbol is worn by enlisted men in the form of a small badge on the front of the campaign hat or in the center of the crown or the forage cap, and upon the left breast by officers. It is of felt of the color designating the division to which the wearer belongs.

Officers and enlisted men belonging to a corps and not attached to a division will wear the corps symbol, of the proper size, In red, bordered in white one-sixteenth of an inch and edged in blue one-thirty-second of an inch. If preferred, officers and enlisted men are authorized to wear the proper badge made of gold or yellow metal enameled in the proper colors.

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Map showing states surveyed by the General Land Office; these states base land records on survey townships, which in some cases will correspond to a civil township.

The genesis of township government in the United States is the New England town meeting; regional traditions of self-government followed settlement patterns, which led to Northern states generally adopting a form of township organization, while Southern states generally governed counties as a unit.

Depending on the state, township governments have varying degrees of authority. Civil townships in most states are generally not considered to be incorporated, and are treated by the Bureau of the Census as minor civil divisions. As a general rule, cities may annex land in adjoining townships with relative ease.

Northeastern states

In New England and New York, counties are subdivided into towns and cities, which are the principal forms of local government. These states use the term town, instead of township. New England towns are incorporated municipalities, while New York towns are not. The settlement patterns of these towns are more like those of civil townships than towns, as the latter term is generally understood in the rest of the United States. Some residents of these states do not generally recognize the word "township" as applying to their local governments, although the U.S. Census Bureau treats them identically. (In sparsely settled portions of New Hampshire, Vermont and especially Maine, county subdivisions that are not incorporated are referred to as townships, or by other terms such as 'gore,' 'grant,' 'location,' 'plantation', or 'purchase.')

See also: Political subdivisions of New York

Mid-Atlantic states

In New Jersey, the township is a form of municipal government equal in status to a village, town, borough, or city.

In Pennsylvania, a township in a unit of local government responsible for services such as police departments, local road and street maintenance. They serve in the place of cities or boroughs. Townships were established based on convenient geographical boundaries and vary in size from six to fifty-two square miles(10–135 km²).

Southern states

Map of Person County, North Carolina with typical Municipal and Township organization

In the South, outside of cities and towns there is generally no local government other than the county; although survey townships exist in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi, they have no function beyond their use in records of land surveys.

North Carolina divides its counties, including both unincorporated territory and land within the bounds of incorporated cities and towns (as well as the extraterritorial jurisdiction of municipalities) into townships, but there is no government per se at the township level in North Carolina, and there are no elected or appointed offices associated with townships. In most areas of North Carolina that are outside of any municipal limit (outside cities or towns), townships are used to determine voter polling places, and in most instances county election boards divide up their voter precincts by township. Every county is divided into townships as mandated since the North Carolina Constitution of 1868. Some urbanized counties such as Mecklenburg County (Charlotte) now number their townships (i.e. "Township 12") rather than using names. Township names are still used quite extensively at the county government level in North Carolina as a way of determining and dividing up areas for administrative purposes; primarily for collecting county taxes, determining fire districts, for real estate purposes such as categorizing land deeds, land surveys and other real estate documents, and for voter registration purposes.

Great Lakes states

Madison Township Hall in Madison Township, Richland County, Ohio

1877 map of Warren County, Indiana. Among all civil townships shown here, only Pine Township exactly matches a survey township with 36 sections.

In the Upper Midwestern states near the Great Lakes, a wide variation exists in the terminology used for townships, as well as their powers. The degree to which these townships are functioning governmental entities varies from state to state, and in some cases, within a state. Civil townships in these states are often, but not always, overlaid on the survey township grid.

In Ohio, a city or village is overlaid onto a township unless it withdraws by establishing a paper township. Where the paper township does not extend to the city limits, property owners pay taxes for both the township and municipality. Ten other states (including Illinois and Indiana) also allow townships and municipalities to overlap.

See also: List of townships in Ohio

Michigan has two forms of civil township: general law townships) have a statutorily-limited level of power and responsibility, while charter township, first defined in 1947, have a status intended to protect against annexation from nearby municipalities and which grants the township some home rule powers similar to cities and villages. In contrast to surrounding states, cities in Michigan are completely separate from township governments; villages, on the other hand, share authority with their townships.
See also: List of cities, villages, and townships in Michigan and Administrative_divisions_of_Michigan

Civil townships in Indiana are operated in a relatively consistent manner state-wide, with each served by a township trustee and a three-member board. Townships in Indiana retain certain functions even in incorporated areas, as seen in the case of Marion County.

See also: List of Indiana townships

Almost all counties in Illinois are divided into townships, with the exception of 17 counties that are divided into precincts; townships in the northern part of the state generally provide the framework for property assessment and public services such as education and after-school care, road maintenance, and senior services, even in cities and other incorporated areas. In southern Illinois, counties are more frequently used as the framework for these services. Some incorporated cities are coterminous with their associated townships, as in the case of Cicero and Evanston. Chicago, as in so many other ways, is a rule unto itself; although the city's area encompasses eight former townships, these were abolished as functioning units of government in 1902 and are only used for maintaining land records.

See also: List of Illinois townships

In Wisconsin, minor civil divisions of counties are known as "towns" rather than "townships", but they serve essentially the same function as townships in neighboring states do.

See also: Political subdivisions of Wisconsin

Minnesota state law refers to such entities as "towns" although they are required to have a name in the form "Name Township"; in both documents and conversation, "town" and "township" are used interchangeably. Minnesota townships can be either Non-Urban or Urban (giving the township government greater power), but this distinction is not reflected in the township's name.
See also: List of townships in Minnesota (A-M) and List of townships in Minnesota (N-Z)

Plains and Southwestern states

In Kansas, some civil townships provide services such as road maintenance and fire protection when these are not provided by the county.

See also: List of Kansas townships

Arkansas, iowa, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and North and South Dakota also provide for township-level government, with varying levels of responsibility from state to state. See also:
List of Arkansas townships
List of Iowa townships
List of Nebraska townships
List of townships in North Dakota
List of Oklahoma townships
List of townships in South Dakota

Western states

California and Utah have used the township as a unit of local government in the past, but no longer do so. California ceased using townships in the 1930s, while Utah's experiment was limited to a period in the 1990s and early 21st century. Nevada has also provided for township organization in its laws, but most governmental powers remain at the county level.