Sound change and alternation |
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Lenition (weakening) Sonorization (voicing) Spirantization (assibilation) Rhotacism (change of [z] or [d] to [r]) L-vocalization (change of [l] to [w]) Debuccalization (loss of place) |
Elision (loss) Apheresis (initial) Syncope (medial) Apocope (final) Haplology (similar syllables) Fusion Cluster reduction Compensatory lengthening |
Epenthesis (addition) |
Coarticulation Palatalization (before front vowels) Velarization (before back vowels) Labialization (before rounded vowels) Initial voicing (before a vowel) Final devoicing (before silence) Nasalization Metaphony (vowel harmony, umlaut) Consonant harmony |
Sandhi (boundary change) |