Draft for Wikipedia Assignment
Sources:
- Northern Tales by Howard Norman
- The Eskimo Story-Teller: Folktales from Noatak, Alaska by Edwin S. Hall Jr.
- Tales from the Igloo translated by Father Maurice Metayer
Relevant Information:
This will be added in Inuit religion at the end after "Creatures and spirits"
Shamans in Inuit Religion
editShamans ("anatquq" in the Inuit dialects of Northern Alaska[1]) played an important role in the religion of Inuit peoples acting as religious leaders, tradesmen, healers, and characters in cultural stories holding mysterious, powerful, and sometimes superhuman abilities. The idea of calling shamans "medicine men" is an outdated concept born from the accounts of early explorers and trappers who grouped all shamans together into this bubble. The term "medicine man" does not give the shamans justice and causes misconceptions about their dealings and actions.[2] Despite the fact they are almost always considered healers, this is not the complete extent of their duties and abilities and detaches them from their role as a mediator between normal humans and the world of spirits, animals, and souls for the traditional Inuit peoples.
There is no strict definition of shaman and there is no strict role they have in society. Despite this, their ability to heal is nearly universal in their description. It has been described as "breathing or blowing away" the sickness but there is not set method any one shaman or groups of shamans preform their deeds. Even though their methods are varied, a few key elements remain in virtually all accounts and stories. In order to cure or remove an ailment from someone, the shaman must be skilled in their own right but must have the faith of those being helped.[2]
In stories of shamans there is a time of crisis and they are expected to resolve, alleviate, or otherwise give resolution or meaning to the crisis. These crisis often involve survival against the natural elements or disputes between people that could end in death.[3] In one such story, a hunter kidnapped a man's daughter and a shaman described in terms of belonging to the man. The shaman pulled the daughter back with a magic string.[4] The shaman is also able to bestow gifts and extraordinary abilities to people and to items such as tools.[5]
Some stories recount shamans as unpredictable, easily angered, and pleased in unusual ways. This could be shown as illustrating that despite their abilities and tune with nature and spirits, they are fickle and not without fault.[6] There are stories of people attempting to impersonate shamans for their own gain by pretending to have fantastical abilities such as being able to fly only to be discovered and punished.[7]
A handful of accounts imply shamans may be feared in some cases for their abilities as they specify that someone did not fear being approached and talked to by a shaman. [8] This leads to further ideas that the shaman's power was to be greatly respected and the idea that the shaman was not necessarily always a fair and good force for the people around him or her.
The Christianization of the Inuit peoples by both willing conversion and being forcefully pressured into converting to Christianity has largely destroyed the tradition of the shaman. Priests, pastors, and other Christian religious authorities replaced the shamans as the connection between the human world and the other world.[9]
References
edit- ^ Hall, Edwin (1975). The Eskimo Story-Teller: Folktales from Noatak, Alaska. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. p. 445.
- ^ a b Norman, Howard (1990). Northern Tales. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 173–177. ISBN 0394540603.
- ^ Hall, Edwin (1975). The Eskimo Story-Teller: Folktales from Noatak, Alaska. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. p. 450.
- ^ Hall, Edwin (1975). The Eskimo Story-Teller: Folktales from Noatak, Alaska. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. p. 401.
- ^ Hall, Edwin (1975). The Eskimo Story-Teller: Folktales from Noatak, Alaska. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. pp. 297–298.
- ^ Norman, Howard (1990). Northern Tales. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 189–191. ISBN 0394540603.
- ^ Norman, Howard (1990). Northern Tales. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 182. ISBN 0394540603.
- ^ Hall, Edwin (1975). The Eskimo Story-Teller: Tales from Noatak, Alaska. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. p. 148.
- ^ Meyer, Lauren. "Sámi Noaidi and Inuit Angakoq: Traditional Shamanic Roles and Practices".