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The mallein test is a sensitive and specific clinical test for glanders. Glanders is a bacterial disease which is common in equids such as horses, donkeys, or mules [1]. This test is an allergic hypersensitivity test used as a diagnosis for glanders[2]. It is caused by a bacteria called Burkholderia mallei, which is contagious for humans and other species [3]. The occurrence of glanders must be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health.[4]. Mallein, a protein fraction of the glanders organism (Burkholderia mallei), is usually injected by an eye-drop. If an animal is infected, the animal will show swelling in the eye from around 48 hours of injection and may be accompanied by secretion and conjunctivitis [5]. Mallein is non toxic to normal animals [6].

Background

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History of Glanders and the Mallein Test

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Mallein was discovered in 1890 [7]. Before 1934, glangers was widespread[8]. In the early 1900's, glanders was common in Europe, the United States of America, and Canada, and has been successfully eliminated by mass testing and the slaughter and destruction of campaigns [9]. Glanders is still present in Asia, the Middle East and South America [10]

Limitations and Benefits of the Mallein Test

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Limitations

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Although Mallein is the most commonly used form of testing for glanders, cross reactions were reported between Burkholderia mallei and Streptococcus equi[11] , which is a bacteria-caused contagious upper respiratory tract infection of equines[12]. This resulted in false-positive reactions [13].

Benefits

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The specificity of Mallein tests and the efficiency and potency of it are connected to the "molecular weight of protein fractions, antigenic range, and virulence"[14].

Test Procedures and Methods

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See Also

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Burkholderia mallei
Glanders

References

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  1. ^ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Fihlo, M.B.; et al. (2012). "Development and validation of a method for purification of mallein for the diagnosis of glanders in equines". BMC Veterinary Research. 8 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  6. ^ Hagebock, J.M., Schlater, L.K., Frerichs, W.M., & Olsen, D.D. (1993). "Serologic Responses to the Mallein Test for Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 5 (1): 98. doi:10.1177/104063879300500121. PMID 8466990.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 391–397. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3. PMID 7801539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Hagebock, J.M., Schlater, L.K., Frerichs, W.M., & Olsen, D.D. (1993). "Serologic Responses to the Mallein Test for Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 5 (1): 98. doi:10.1177/104063879300500121. PMID 8466990.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Fihlo, M.B.; et al. (2012). "Development and validation of a method for purification of mallein for the diagnosis of glanders in equines". BMC Veterinary Research. 8 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  11. ^ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Strangles". Wikipedia. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  13. ^ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Naureen, A., Saqib,M., Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.H., & Asi, M.N. (July 2007). "Comparative Evaluation of Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test, Mallein Test, and Some Conventional Serological Tests for Diagnosis of Equine Glanders". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 19 (4): 362–367. doi:10.1177/104063870701900404. PMID 17609344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3. PMID 7801539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3. PMID 7801539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3. PMID 7801539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3. PMID 7801539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 392-393. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3. PMID 7801539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 393. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3. PMID 7801539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 393-394. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3. PMID 7801539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Verma, R.D., Venkateswaran, K.S., Sharma, J.K, Agarwal, G.S. (1994). "Potency of partially purified malleo-proteins for mallein test in the diagnosis of glanders in equines". Veterinary Microbiology. 41 (4): 394. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)90035-3. PMID 7801539.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
 

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