There are at least 150 Dams in Burma.[1][2][3] Burma (Myanmar) has a large hydroelectric power potential of 39,000 Megawatts (MW), although the economical exploitable potential is about 37,000 MW. Burma tripled its installed capacity of hydro plants, from 253 MW in 1990 to 745 MW in 2002.[4] Total installed capacity in 2010 is at least 2,449 MW, 6% of potential. Several large dams are planned to increase future hydro utilization.[5]
Background
editThe State Peace and Development Council that rules Burma has a strong bias in favor of hydro-power plants. Council chairman, Sr-Gen Than Shwe, who hails from Kyaukse, through which the Zawgyi River flows, is widely rumored to believe himself a reincarnation of King Anawrahta (r. 1044-1077). The long-dead Pagan-era monarch was a prolific dam- and canal-builder, particularly along the Zawgyi, where he supervised the building of a series of weirs and canals to atone for killing his foster-brother Sokkate.[6]
The total electricity generated by Myanmar in 2002 was 6614 GWh, consisting of oil (612 GWh, 9%); gas (3770 GWh, 57%); and hydro (2232 GWh, 34%).[4]
Burma's hydro power development activities and plans include five-year short term plans and a 30-year strategic plan. This involves generating power for domestic use and exporting to neighboring countries, especially China, Thailand and India. Total planned hydropower development in Myanmar is 14,600MW.[7]
Though the twelve large planned hydroelectic dams larger than 1,000 MW get much media attention, there are at least another twelve in the 100 - 1000 MW range and at least 27 smaller microhydro projects smaller than 100 MW. The rest of the dams are generally lower height irrigation structures.
At least 45 Chinese Multi-National Corporations have been involved in approximately 63 hydropower projects in Burma, including several related substation and transmission line projects. Burma's State Peace and Development Council Chairman Than Shwe met with Chinese representatives at the Shweli I Hydropower Station.[1]
| State/Division | Number of Sites | Exploitable Hydropower potential [MW] |
|---|---|---|
 Kachin State |
39 | 2,061 |
 Kayah State |
7 | 3,909 |
 Kayin State |
21 | 17,021 |
| Chin State | 22 | 1,312 |
 Sagaing Div. |
21 | 2,399 |
| Tanintharyi Division | 14 | 692 |
| Bago Division | 11 | 387 |
| Magwe Division | 8 | 123 |
 Mandalay Div. |
17 | 3,482 |
| Mon State | 10 | 292 |
| Rakhine State | 14 | 247 |
 Shan State |
83 | 7,699 |
| Total...12 | 267 | 39,624 |
Major Dams
editSalween river
edit
Seven dams have been proposed for the Salween River. The largest of these hydropower projects is the 7,100 megawatt (MW) TaSang Dam on the Salween River, which is to be integrated into the Asian Development Bank’s Greater Mekong Sub-region Power Grid. A ground breaking ceremony for the Tasang Dam was held in March 2007, and China Gezhouba Group Co. (CGGC) started preliminary construction shortly after. China’s involvement in the damming of the Salween River is not limited to the Tasang project.
In 2006, Sinohydro signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Burma for the US$ 1 billion, 1,200 MW Hat Gyi Dam along the Thai border. In April 2007, Farsighted Group, now known as Hanergy Holding Group, and China Gold Water Resources Co. signed MoUs with Burma for an additional 2,400 MW hydropower project on the upper Salween, an area which Yunnan Power Grid Co. reportedly surveyed in 2006.
In April 2008, Sinohydro, China Southern Power Grid Co., and China Three Gorges Project Co. signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement for the development of the hydropower potential of the Salween River. Despite China’s involvement in these large-scale dams on the Salween, most of the electricity is destined for export to neighboring Thailand.
However, In May 2009, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao halted the construction of the Liuku dam on the Salween River in China’s Yunnan province, calling for more thorough impact assessments.[9]
Shweli river
editThe 1,420 MW Shweli I, II, III Cascade, in Shan State near the Chinese border, has also received significant Chinese support. Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) began work on the Shweli I Hydropower Plant in February 2004 and, following Burma’s inability to secure funding, joined with Yunnan Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Development Co. and Yunnan Power Grid Co. to create the Yunnan Joint Power Development Co. (YUPD) in August 2006. For more information regarding the Salween River, see [10]
A few months later, YUPD assumed an 80% share in the project after creating the Shweli River I Power Station Co. together with Burma, turned the Shweli I dam into a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) project, and increased the installed capacity from 400 to 600 MW. At least two Sinohydro subsidiaries have provided construction services for the project, and Sichuan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. and Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co. have signed US$ multimillion contracts for electricity transmission cables and towers. The Shweli I Hydropower Plant is slated for completion by June 2009, and was half complete as of May 2007.
N'Mai, N’Mai, Mali and Irrawaddy Rivers
editIn Kachin State, several Chinese MNCs are involved in the construction of seven large dams along the N’Mai Hka, Mali Hka, and Irrawaddy River, with a combined installed capacity of 13,360 MW. In 2007, China Power Investment Co. signed agreements with Burmese authorities to finance all seven dams, as well as with China Southern Power Grid Co. Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) signed an MoU with Burma’s Ministry of Electric Power in 2006 to develop the hydropower potential of the N’Mai Hka; however details about this arrangement remain unclear. Changjiang Institute of Surveying, Planning,Design & Research has also completed a feasibility study at the confluence of the N’Mai Hka and Mali Hka.
Others
editIn western Burma, just inside the Indo-Burmese border, runs the Chindwin River, where several potential dam sites have been identified that are likely to service export-oriented hydro-power plants. The sites include Thamanthi, Mawlaik, Homalin, and Shwezaye.
In August 2001, the Kansai Electric Power Company, or KEPCO, contracted with Burma to provide technical assistance for developing 12 hydro-power plants, including at least five sites on the Sittang River Yenwe, Khabaung, Pyu, Bogata and Shwe Gin. [6]
China CAMC Engineering Co. has been involved in the surveying and implementation of hydropower projects in the region. The 790 MW Yeywa Dam in Mandalay Division, which began construction in 2006, is also being financed and constructed by several Chinese MNCs, including China Gezhouba Group Co.,Sinohydro, China International Trust and Investment Co. (CITIC) Technology Co., ChinaNational Electric Equipment Co., China National Heavy Machinery Co., and Hunan Savoo Oversea Water and Electric Engineering Co. Additional financial backing for the project is being provided by the China EXIM Bank.
In addition to the Yeywa, Shweli and Hat Gyi projects, Sinohydro China’s largest dam company and its subsidiaries have been involved in the Kun, Kyauk, Mone, Nam Hkam Hka, Paunglaung (upper & lower), Tarpein I, Thapanseik I, II, III, and Zawgyi I Dams. As with the Yeywa project, both CITIC and China EXIM Bank provided investment and financial backing for the Thapanseik Dam.
The Yunnan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co. (YMEC) has been one of the most active Chinese companies in Burma’s hydropower sector. Since the 1990s, YMEC has been involved in more than 25 projects of varying size, including the Ching Hkran, Chinshwehaw, Dattawgyaing, Hopin, Kunhein, Kunlon, Kyaing Ton, Kyaukme, Laiva, Mepan, Nam Hkam Hka, Nam Myaw, Nam Wop, Nancho, Paunglaung, Upper Paunglaung, Shweli I, II, III Cascade, Watwon, Zaungtu, Zawgyi I and II, Zichaung, and N’Mai Hka River hydropower projects, as well as the Rangoon Dagon Substation. The extent of YMEC involvement in these projects, several of which are completed, is unclear, but appears to involve construction and some financing. [11] MAP OF COMPLETED, CURRENT AND PLANNED HYDROPOWER, OIL AND NATURAL GAS, AND MINING PROJECTS IN BURMA WITH CHINESE INVOLVEMENT
Lists of dams
editHydroelectric
edit| Name | Impounds | MW rating | Commission | Location | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shweli I Dam[12] | 1 | Shweli River | 600 | 2008-12 | Shan State, near Man Tat village (Palaung)23°39′11″N 97°28′52″E / 23.65306°N 97.48111°E[13] |
| Zawgyi I Dam | 2 | 18 | 1997-5-31 | ||
| Zawgyi II Dam | 3 | 12 | 1998-11 | Shan State | |
| Yeywa Dam[14] | 4 | Myitnge River | 790 | 2010 | 21°41′20″N 96°25′17″E / 21.68889°N 96.42139°E |
| Dapein I | 5 | Dapein River | 168 | 2005 | |
| Dapein II | 6 | Dapein River | 240 | 2006 | |
| Upper Paung Laung Dam | 7 | Paunglaung River | 140 | 2009-12 | |
| Lower Paung Laung Dam | 8 | Paung Laung River | 280 | 2005 | |
| Zaungtu Dam | 9 | Bago River | 20 | 2000-3 | Bago Division |
| Baluchaung II | 10 | 48 | 1960, 1992-8 | Karenni State | |
| Sedawgyi | 11 | Chaungmagyi River | 25 | 1989-6 | Mandalay Division, Mogok |
| Mogok[15] | 12 | 4 | yes | Mandalay Division | |
| Zawgyt (1)[15] | 13 | 18 | yes | Shan State | |
| Kattalu (Kyunsu)[15] | 14 | .15 | yes | Tanintharyi Division | |
| Hopin Dam[15] | 15 | 1.26 | yes | ||
| Kunhing[15] | 16 | .15 | yes | Shan State 21°18′0″N 98°26′0″E / 21.30000°N 98.43333°E | |
| Namlat (Kyaington)[15] | 17 | .48 | yes | Shan State | |
| Chinshwehaw Dam[15] | 18 | 0.1 | yes | Shan State | |
| Kinda Dam[16][15] | 19 | Panlaung river | 56 | 1985 | Mandalay Div. Thazi Township |
| Selu[15] | 20 | .024 | Shan State | ||
| Malikyun (Palaw)[15] | 21 | .192 | Tanintharyi Division | ||
| Matupi (Namlaung)[15] | 22 | .2 | Chin State | ||
| Maing Lar[15] | 23 | .06 | Shan State | ||
| Baluchaung I [15] | 24 | 28 | Kayah State | ||
| Ching Hkran Dam[15] | 25 | 2.52 | Kachin State | ||
| Laiva Dam[15] | 26 | 0.96 - 0.6 | Chin State | ||
| Nam Wop Dam[15] | 27 | 3 | Shan State | ||
| Nammyao (Lashio) Dam[15] | 28 | 4 | Shan State | ||
| Chinshwehaw (Extention) Dam[15] | 29 | .2 | Shan State | ||
| Kunlon Dam[15] | 30 | Salween River | 0.5 | Shan State | |
| Zi Chaung Dam[15] | 31 | 1.26 | Sagaing Division | ||
| Nam Hkam Hka Dam (Mogaung)[15] |
32 | 5 | 22°17′0″N 97°40′0″E / 22.28333°N 97.66667°E Kachin State | ||
| Nam Suang Ngaung (Kyaukme)[15] |
33 | 4 | Shan State | ||
| Lahe[15] | 34 | .05 | Sagaing Division | ||
| Tui swang (Tonzang)[15] |
35 | .2 | Chin State | ||
| Che Chaung (Mindat)[15] |
36 | .2 | |||
| Thapanseik Dam | 37 | 30 | 2002-6 | Sagaing Division | |
| Paung Laung Dam[17] | 38 | 280 | 2004 | 19°47′16″N 95°31′5″E / 19.78778°N 95.51806°E | |
| Lawpita Dam | 39 | 192 | 1992 | Kayah state | |
| Monechaung[13] | 40 | 75 | 2004 | ||
| Total | 40 | Hydro plants | 3,048.5 MW | commission | All Burma |
| Name | # | impounds | MW rating | Commission | Location | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myitsone Dam | 1 | Irawaddy River | 3600 | 2017 est. | 25°41′43″N 97°29′49″E / 25.69528°N 97.49694°E | |
| Chibwe Dam[13] | 2 | N'Mai River | 2000 | 25°53′36″N 98°7′49″E / 25.89333°N 98.13028°E | ||
| Pashe Dam[13] | 3 | N'Mai River | 1600 | 26°29′0″N 98°18′59″E / 26.48333°N 98.31639°E | ||
| Lakin Dam[13] | 4 | N'Mai River | 1400 | Lakin26°35′45″N 98°24′22″E / 26.59583°N 98.40611°E | ||
| Phizaw Dam[13] | 5 | N'Mai River | 1500 | |||
| Kaunglanphu Dam[13] | 6 | N'Mai River | 1700 | |||
| Laiza Dam[13] | 7 | Mali River | 1560 | 26°32′11″N 97°44′34″E / 26.53639°N 97.74278°E | ||
| Chibwe Creek Dam[13] | 8 | N'Mai River (Chibwe Creek) | 99 | 25°53′40″N 98°8′40″E / 25.89444°N 98.14444°E | ||
| Shwe Kyin Dam | 10 | Shwe Kyin Chaung (Stream) |
75 | 17°58′24″N 96°56′15″E / 17.97333°N 96.93750°E | ||
| Tarpein I Dam [18] | 13 | Tarpein River | 240 | |||
| Tarpein II Dam | 14 | Tarpein River | 168 | |||
| Nam Myaw Dam | 16 | 4 | ||||
| Shweli II Dam | 17 | Shweli River | 460 | |||
| Shweli III Dam | 18 | Shweli River | 360 | |||
| Upper Thanlwin- Kunlong Dams |
19 | Salween River | 2400 | 23°31′54″N 98°36′40″E / 23.53167°N 98.61111°E | ||
| Mepan (Meipan) Dam | 22 | 1.26 | ||||
| Kunhein (Kunheng) Dam | 23 | 0.15 | ||||
| Kyaing Ton (Kengtung) Dam | 24 | 0.48 | ||||
| TaSang Dam | 26 | Salween River | 7110 | 20°27′23″N 98°39′0″E / 20.45639°N 98.65000°E | ||
| Kengtawng Dam | 27 | 54 | ||||
| Kyaukme Dam | 30 | 4 | ||||
| Watwon Dam | 31 | 0.5 | ||||
| Dattawgyaing Dam | 33 | 36 | ||||
| Kyeeon Kyeewa Dam | 39 | 75 | ||||
| Buywa Dam | 40 | 60 | ||||
| Nancho Dam | 41 | 40 | ||||
| Paung Laung Dam[19] | 44 | 280 | ||||
| Thaukyegat I Dam | 45 | 150 | Kayin State | |||
| Thaukyegat II Dam | 46 | 120 | Kayin State | |||
| Kapaung Dam | 47 | 30 | ||||
| Kunchaung Dam | 48 | 60 | ||||
| Yenwe Dam | 49 | 25 | ||||
| Kyauk Naga Dam | 51 | 75 | ||||
| Hat Gyi Dam[20] | 52 | Salween River | 1200 | |||
| Dagwin dam[6][21] | 53 | Salween River | 792 | |||
| Tamanthi[22][23] | 54 | Chindwin River | 1200 | |||
| Weigyi[6] | 56 | Salween River | 4540 | 18°37′47″N 97°21′39″E / 18.62972°N 97.36083°E | ||
| Mobye Dam | 57 | Balu Chaung River | 168 | |||
| Datawcha Dam | 58 | Balu Chaung River | 28 | |||
| Tha Htay Chaung[24] | 59 | 111 | Thandwe Township | |||
| Ann Chaung[24] | 60 | Ann River | 10 | Ann Township | ||
| Sai Din Dam[24][25] | 61 | Sai Din Waterfall | 76.5 | 2014 est. | Buthidaung | |
| Laymro Dam[24] | 62 | Laymro River | 500 | |||
| Shwesayay Dam[22] | 63 | Chindwin River | 600 | |||
| Taninthayi[26] | 65 | 600 | ||||
| Htamanthi[27] | 66 | 1200 | ||||
| Tajan[28] | 67 | |||||
| Nam Kok | 68 | 42,100 to 150 | ||||
| Bilin | 85 | 280 | Mon State | |||
| Phyu | 87 | 65 | Bago Division | |||
| Bawgata | 88 | 160 | Kayin State | |||
Irrigation only
edit| Name | # | impounds | irrigated area | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chaungmagyi Dam | 1 | 3,000 acres | ||
| Kataik Dam | 2 | irrigation | ||
| Ngalaik Dam | 3 | irrigation & industrial water |
Pyinmana Township | |
| Yezin Dam | 4 | irrigation | 19°51′54″N 96°16′59″E / 19.86500°N 96.28306°E |
In addition there were at least 10 major irrigation dams completed during the period between 1962 and 1988.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b c CHINA IN BURMA: THE INCREASING INVESTMENT OF CHINESE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS IN BURMA’S HYDROPOWER, OIL AND NATURAL GAS, AND MINING SECTORSBURMA’S HYDROPOWER, OIL AND NATURAL GAS, AND MINING SECTORS UPDATED: September 2008
- ^ a b "Irrigation Works in Myanmar". Irrigation Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. 2004. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/NLM-2003/enlm/Aug19_h1.html>
- ^ a b "Country Profiles - Myanmar". Water Power Magazine. International Water Power and Dam Construction. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- ^ "Myanmar - Future Projects 1. HYDRO". Jakarta: Asean Centre for Energy. 1-14-2003. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d Akimoto, Yuki (6-2004). "Hydro-powering the Regime". The Irawaddy, Vol. 12, No. 6. Irrawaddy Publishing Group. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Country Profiles
- ^
HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT WITH A FOCUS ON ASIA AND WESTERN EUROPE (PDF). Overview in the framework of VLEEM 2. ECN Policy Studies. 7-2003.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Black day for Burma's Irrawaddy: junta ministers host Myitsone dam "celebration"". Burma Digest. Dec 22nd, 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Mon Youth Progressive Organization. 2007. In the Balance: Salween Dams Threaten Downstream Communities in Burma; Shan Sapawa. 2006. Warning Signs:An Update on Plans to Dam the Salween in Burma’s Shan State; Karen Rivers Watch. 2004. Damming at Gunpoint:Burma Atrocities Pave the Way for Salween Dams in Karen State; & Salween Watch, Southeast Asia Rivers Network & Center for Social Development Studies at Chulalongkorn University. 2004. The Salween Under Threat:Damming the Longest Free River in Southeast Asia. All available at [1] 25 ‘缅甸萨尔温江战略合作框架协议签署 (Salween River Strategic Cooperation Framework Agreement Signed).’ 金融界, 28 April 2008.[2] 26 ‘激战瑞丽江——水电十四局瑞丽江电站截流施工纪实 (Shweli River Fierce Battle-Shweli Dam 14th Bureau Damming Construction).’ Sinohydro Website, 26 February 2007. [3] For photographs of construction at the Shweli I Dam site see ‘瑞丽江项目部图库 (Shweli River Project Bureau Photographs).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Dali Sub-bureau Website, 29 June 2007.[4] 27 ‘中国在缅甸投资的首个水电项目成功截流 (China’s First Hydropower Investment in Burma Successfully Dammed).’ China Electricity Council, 13 December 2006. [5]; For more information regarding the Shweli Cascade see Palaung Youth Network Group. 2007. Under the Boot. Available in English and Chinese at [6] Sinohydro’s 14th Bureau Dali Sub-bureau Website
- ^ ‘瑞丽江电站胜利实现截流 (Shweli River Hydropower Station Triumphantly Blocks Water).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Dali Sub-bureau Website, 11 December 2006. [7] 29 ‘Myanmar Installs More Transmission Lines for New Power Plant.’ Xinhua General News Service, 5 July 2007; ‘About Huyong.’ Ningbo Huyong Electric Power Material Co. Website.[8] [Thanks toCourier Research Associates for providing this link.] ; & ‘缅甸瑞丽江一级电站工程总承建包合同在昆签字 (ContractsSigned in Kunming for Shweli I Dam).’ Sinohydro’s 14th Engineering Bureau Website, 5 July 2007. 30 For more information, see Kachin Development Network Group. 2007. Damming the Irrawaddy. Available at[9]
- ^
"Myanmar biggest hydropower plant to be put on test run". LETTING THE RIVERS RUN FREE. Burma Rivers Network. 11-22-2009. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i "ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY OF BURMA/MYANMAR ON-LINE COMPENDIUM" (PDF). BurmaLibrary.org. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ "Yeywa Hydropower Project, an Overview" (PDF). Vietnam National Commission On Large Dams. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Completed and On-Going Projects". ASEAN Centre for Energy. 5-9-2006. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Nyauggyat (Kinda) Dam Multipurpose Project ]
- ^ http://www.rccdams.co.uk/database_results.php Dunston Co.
- ^ Chinese Dam Incurs KIO Wrath
- ^ http://www.rccdams.co.uk/database_results.php Dunston Co.
- ^ "News Thailand and Myanmar agree Salween investment". Water Power and Dam Construction. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- ^ "Dagwin Dam, Dam Specifications". LETTING THE RIVERS RUN FREE. Burma Rivers Network. 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Myanmar, India sign hydro deal Mo". The Myanmar Times. Salween Watch. 11-22-2008. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^
"Bhel, NHPC in joint bid to bring Myanmar project back on track". LETTING THE RIVERS RUN FREE. Burma Rivers Network. 2-13-2009. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d "Hydro-power projects to produce over 600 MW in Arakan state". Burma News International. 1-14-2009. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Sai Din Hydropower Project Resumes". Burma News. Democracy for Burma. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
- ^ Water Power and Dam Construction, Taninthayi
- ^ Water Power and Dam Construction, Htamanthi
- ^ Water Power and Dam Construction, Tajan
External sources
edit- Map of Dams in Burma
- Dams in Burma - Interactive map
- Photo Gallery of Dams from 1961 to 2004
- historical background of the Ministry of Electric Power
- Myanmar Future Projects 1. HYDRO
- Completed and On-Going Projects - Hydropower
Burma Category:Buildings and structures in Myanmar
Category:Reservoirs and dams in Myanmar Category:Future dams Category:Dam controversies Category:Future hydroelectric power stations