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User:Maunus/RIdraft

< User:Maunus


Background

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Colonial scientific racism and claims of white superiority, Galton and intelligence testing

History of Research

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    • The Army Tests (a short paragraph)
      • Yerkes/Terman/Brigham/Shuey - Boas/Myrdal/Benedict&Weltfish/Bond - civil rights and desegregation
    • Arthur Jensen (a short paragraph)
      • How much can we boost - Jensenism debates - emergence of London school of IQ difference research vs. social constructionist psychology - G/Spearman vs. multiple intelligences, , Shockley, Pioneer fund,
    • The Minnesota Adoption study (a couple of paragraphs)
      • Findings + critiques (lack of control of environmental factors (prenatal environment and role of race phenotype on life experience))
    • Mismeasure of Man (not more than a line)
      • Arguments + critiques (ideologically motivated and misrepresenting data)
    • The Bell Curve debates (a couple of paragraphs)
      • Arguments + critiques - APA report, "mainstream science"
    • The Flynn Effect(a couple of paragraphs)
      • Findings by Flynn + differing explanations (Flynn, Neisser, Rushton/Jensen)
    • National IQ studies (a paragraph)
      • Findings/Claims by Lynn/Vanhanen + critiques (Wicherts et al.)

Main Concerns and Questions

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    • What do IQ tests measure?
      • What is intelligence and IQ?: Spearman's hypothesis/G, multiple intelligences, cross-cultural intelligence, Jensen, Hunt, Sternberg
      • Fluid/Crystallized,
    • What is race? Social construction, genetic ancestry: Kaplan, Hunt/Carlson, Tang et al.
    • What are the genetic influences on IQ?: individual within-group heritability high (but of variable size in different groups), difficult to correct for environmental effects, no gene/race/intelligence links discovered, hardly any known relations between polymorphisms and intelligence in normal range
      • Adoption, admixture - problems with both (not correcting for environment)
    • What are the environmental influences on IQ?
      • Nutrition & Health, SES/class, Stereotype threat, literacy/education/prior experience, stress, all have been shown to affect the gap in different ways.
    • What are the relative contributions of genes and environment to the IQ gap?
      • 80% genes (because of high individual heredity) (Rushton/Jensen/Lynn), 50/50(or agnostic) (Hunt? Deary? Loehlin? Neisser? Ceci? who else?), probable 100% environment (Flynn, Nisbett, Aronson, Dickens, Turkheimer, Halpern, Fagan, Marks (Sternberg?))
    • Is it ethically defensible to study Race and IQ?
      • Rose/Kamin/Lewontin/Flynn/Hunt/Jensen

Current research agendas

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    • Finding environmental causes for the gap
    • Finding links between genes and intelligence, and between genes and populations

Bibliography

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Alland, Alexander, Jr (2002). Race in Mind. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–80.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Brace, C Loring (1999). "An Anthropological Perspective on 'Race' and Intelligence: The non-clinal nature of human cognitive capabilities". Journal of Anthropological Research. 55 (2): 245–64. doi:10.1086/jar.55.2.3631210. JSTOR 3631210.
Brace, C. Loring (2005). Race is a four letter word. Oxford University Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-19-517351-2.
Ceci, SJ; Williams, WM (2009). "Darwin 200: Should scientists study race and IQ? Yes: the scientific truth must be pursued". Nature. 457 (7231): 788–789. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..788C. doi:10.1038/457788a. PMID 19212385.
Dickens, William T; Flynn, James R (2001). "Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved". Psychological Review. 108 (2): 346–69. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.346. PMID 11381833.
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Daley, Christine E.; Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. (2011). "Chapter 15: Race and Intelligence". In Sternberg, Robert J.; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–306. ISBN 9780521739115. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
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Fish, Jefferson M (2002). "Folk Heredity". In Fish, Jefferson M (ed.). Race and Intelligence: Separating Myth from Reality. Laurence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 95, 113. ISBN 0-8058-3757-4.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York, London: Norton. ISBN 0-393-30056-0.
Graves, Joseph L. (2001). The Emperor's New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium (Kindle ed.). Rutgers University Press. ASIN B000SARS70.
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Hunt, Earl; Carlson, Jerry (2007). "Considerations relating to the study of group differences in intelligence". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (2): 194–213. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00037.x. PMID 26151960.
Jensen, Arthur R (1969). "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?". Harvard Educational Review. 39: 1–123. doi:10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7.
Lynn, Richard; Vanhanen, Tatu (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97510-X.
Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Intelligence: new findings and theoretical developments" (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (2): 130–159. doi:10.1037/a0026699. ISSN 0003-066X. PMID 22233090. Retrieved 22 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin" (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (6): 503–504. doi:10.1037/a0029772. ISSN 0003-066X. PMID 22963427. Retrieved 22 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Plotnik, Rod; Kouyoumdjian, Haig (2011). "Intelligence". Introduction to Psychology. Cengage Learning.
Schacter, Daniel; Gilbert, Daniel; Wegner, Daniel (2007). Psychology. New York: Worth Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7167-5215-8.
Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008). "Race". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. Vol. 2. SAGE. p. 1091.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Sternberg, Robert J; Grigorenko, Elena L; Kidd, Kenneth K (2005). "Intelligence, Race, and Genetics" (PDF). American Psychologist. 60 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.46. PMID 15641921.
Sternberg, R. J.; Grigorenko, E. L. (2007). "The Difficulty of Escaping Preconceptions in Writing an Article About the Difficulty of Escaping Preconceptions: Commentary on Hunt and Carlson (2007)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (2): 221–223. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00040.x. PMID 26151963.
Tang, H; Quertermous, T; Rodriguez, B; Kardia, SL; Zhu, X; Brown, A; Pankow, JS; Province, MA; Hunt, SC (February 2005). "Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies". American Journal of Human Genetics. 7 (2): 268–75. doi:10.1086/427888. PMC 1196372. PMID 15625622.
Templeton, A. R. (2001), "The Genetic and Evolutionary Significance of Human Races", in Fish, J. M. (ed.), Race and Intelligence Separating Science from Myth, London: Routledge, pp. 31–55, ISBN 978-0805837575
Tucker, William H (2002). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02762-0.
Suzuki, Lisa A.; Short, Ellen L.; Lee, Christina S. (2011). "Chapter 14: Racial and Ethnic Group Differences in Intelligence in the United States". In Sternberg, Robert J.; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–292. ISBN 9780521739115. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Weiss, Lawrence G.; Chen, Hsinyi; Harris, Jossette G.; Holdnack, James A.; Saklofske, Donald H. (2010). "Chapter 4: WAIS-IV Use in Societal Context". In Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Coalson, Diane; Raiford, Susan (eds.). WAIS-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner Perspectives. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Alan S. Kaufman (Foreword). Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-375035-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Loehlin, John C. (2000). "Chapter 9: Group Differences in Intelligence". In Sternberg, Robert J. (ed.). Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–193. ISBN 978-0-521-59648-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Hunt, Earl; Carlson, Jerry (June 2007). "Considerations Relating to the Study of Group Differences in Intelligence". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (2): 194–213. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00037.x. PMID 26151960.
Wicherts, Jelte M.; Dolan, Conor V.; van der Maas, Han L. J. (2010). "A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans" (PDF). Intelligence. 38 (1). International Society for Intelligence Research: 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.002. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Neisser, Ulrich; Boodoo, Gwyneth; Bouchard, Thomas J.; Boykin, A. Wade; Brody, Nathan; Ceci, Stephen J.; Halpern, Diane F.; Loehlin, John C.; Perloff, Robert; Sternberg, Robert J.; Urbina, Susana (1996). "Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns" (PDF). American Psychologist. 51 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77. ISSN 0003-066X. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Hunt, Earl (2011). Human Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70781-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Mackintosh, N. J. (2011). IQ and Human Intelligence (second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958559-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
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