Maxlong08

The Vitruvian Man (c. 1485) Accademia, Venice

Somatocentrism is a cultural value system in which biological determinism is the basis for social organization. The phenotypical variation of an individual in this system determines the individual’s social identity and social relations, although it doesn’t necessarily denote their social position.

Definition

The term ‘somatocentric’ is derived from

• “soma”, New Latin, meaning ‘body’
• and “centric” from the Greek “kentrikos”, meaning of the center.

In this system, the physical body of an individual is heavily emphasized, and valued in determining the social identity of the individual.

Body Image

Body image is a subjective picture of one’s own physical appearance established both by self-awareness and by noting the reactions of others. Preoccupation with body image and the physical appearance of one’s body denotes how much value one ascribes to their phenotypical traits. Body image may be valued highly, and more often than not, dissatisfaction with one’s own body image perverts that value with other social effects.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

People who suffer from Body Dysmorphic Disorder (or BDD) fixate on a defect in their appearance. People with BDD are affected daily with stress and anxiety, which may impair their role in the social and occupational areas of their life. The amount of social value ascribed to the importance of body image affects the level of stress someone suffering from BDD feels.

Height

Studies show that in some cultures, people who are relatively taller than others get relatively better treatment by their peers.

A study conducted in Australia found that tall people earn higher wages than their equally competent shorter co-workers. A study conducted in Southampton of ninety two normal teens who were shorter than their peers revealed that the shorter boys were twice as likely to be bullied than their average height controls matched by sex and age. The findings of these studies reveal a correlation between height and social value, indicating somotcentric issues.

The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists define ‘short stature’ as being two standard deviations below the average for a particular age and sex; in America, a male shorter than 5’7’’ and a female shorter than 5’2’’ are both short statured. Groups have been formed by people who feel short, such as The National Organization of Short Statured Adults (NOSSA). One of the primary functions of this group is to inform it's members of the sociological and psychological aspects of being short statured as research continues.

Racism

Racism is defined by a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racial differences are most easily compared by the phenotypical differences between peoples of a different race, i.e. skin tone, facial features, and body type. To place social value on any trait, whether positive or negative, is a product of somatocentric values.

Gender

A somatocentric culture may create social constructs based on the interpretation of biological differences between it’s individuals. The concept of ‘gender’ is an example of a construct that may arise from somatocentricity. Sex and gender are loosely related as they both deal with the male and the female; however, one considers empirical distinction, while the other considers social distinction.

A sex refers to biological distinctions between males and females. Certain biological structures are unique to either females or males; in humans, the ovary being unique to the former, the prostate gland being unique to the latter. Biological differences between males and females govern the action of reproduction in any species that repopulates via sexual reproduction, and in some cases, influence the action of child-rearing.

By contrast, gender roles, gender identities, and the concepts of masculine and feminine are all social constructs which may be extrapolated from phenotypical differences between men and women.

For example, in Western culture, women may fill domestic social roles, with an emphasis on childcare. Women are also unique members of a population that are outfitted with breasts which help feed infants, while men lack these organs. While it is logical to assert that women may be biologically better suited for postnatal care of an infant than men, it does not follow from the ability to breast-feed that women are better suited to domestic social roles than men.

Masculinity and Femininity

Masculinity and femininity are also engendered concepts that may draw from phenotypical difference between male and female. A person who exhibits physical strength may be deemed masculine, while a person who exhibits gentleness may be deemed feminine. Attributing significance to the phenotypical difference between the size or shape of men and women creates a binary between the two that allows the casual observer to presume social significance of a person in terms of this arbitrary scale.

External Links

• Merriam-Webster Online. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Web. 25 Sept. 2011. Merriam-Webster Dictionary
• Fox, Kate. Body Image Studies. Social Issues Research Centre. 1997. Web. 25 Sept. 2011. [8]
• Voss, Linda D. and Mulligan, Jean. Bullying in school: are short pupils at risk? British Medical Journal, 1 Nov. 2000. Web. 25 Sept. 2011. [9]
• NOSSA, National Organization of Short Statured Adults, Inc. [10]