Perpetual War
edit"Perpetual War," "Endless War," or "The Forever War" are concepts which describe a lasting state of war with no clear ending conditions. These wars are situations of ongoing tension that may escalate at any moment, similar to the Cold War. Today, the concepts have been used to critique the US military intervention and the Military Industrial Complex, specifically wars with ambiguous enemies such as the War on Terror or the War on Drugs.
Contemporary Usage
editThe concept of a Forever War has been used in opposition to United States military involvement since the Vietnam War. James Pinckney Harrison argues in The Endless War: Fifty Years of Struggle in Vietnam (1981)[1] that the Vietnam War was "endless" due to the success of the communist revolution in nationalizing the people. [2] The concept was used by Trần Văn Đôn, a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, in his book Our Endless War: Inside Vietnam (1978) [3].
American historian James Chace argues in his book Endless War: How we got involved in Central America (1983)[4] argues that US policy in Central America is based upon the assumption that US hegemony is threatened within the region According to Chace, US involvement in Central America worked towards resisting the domino affect of the spread of a "communist take-over," largely through establishing the credibility of US military.[5] Though these policies were meant to deter conflict, they themselves created the conditions for instability in the region, which furthered a US response. This results in a self-perpetuating, or "endless," loop. He additionally argues US investment in pursing an expanding military presence in Central America reflections an endless preparation for war. [6]
A key argument of Chace is that much this military involvement stems from a logic of US paranoia in reaction to the Cuban Revolution. A similar argument is put forward by David Keen, political economist and Professor of Complex Emergencies at the London School of Economics.[7] His book Endless War? Hidden Function of the 'War on Terror' (2006) [8] argues that the United State's strategies and tactics in the War On Terror use a "militaristic state-cased framework." This framework, though "counterproductive," has an "inner logic" and a "psychological function" of responding to the trauma of 9/11[9]. This ties from a larger anthropological
Anthro Stuff to Wiki Later
editLewis Morgan. "Difusion against centralization" (1852) "Laws of Descent of the Iroquis" (1856) "The American Beaver and His Works (1868). "A Conjectural Solution of the Origin of the Classifcatory Systems of Relationships" (1868). "Montezuma's Dinner"(1876). "Ancient Society" (1877). "Houses and House Life of the American Aborigines"
"In 1881, Karl Marx started reading Morgan's Ancient Society, thus beginning Morgan's posthumous influence among European thinkers. Frederick Engels also read his work after Morgan's death. Although Marx never finished his own book based on Morgan's work, Engels continued his analysis. Morgan's work on the social structure and material culture strongly influenced Engels' sociological theory of dialectical materialism (expressed in his work The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, 1884). Scholars of the Communist bloc considered Morgan as the preeminent anthropologist."[10][11]
- Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, 1843 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, 1844 The German Ideology, 1845 The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847 "Wage Labour and Capital," 1847 Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848 A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 1859 Writings on the U.S. Civil War, 1861 Theories of Surplus Value, 3 volumes, 1862 Capital, Volume I (Das Kapital), 1867 "The Civil War in France," 1871 Capital, Volume II (posthumously published by Engels), 1885 Capital, Volume III (posthumously published by Engels), 1894
Edward Tyler. Primitive Culture (1871) Anthropology (1881)
Sir James George Frazer. The Golden Bough (1890)
Emile Durkheim. The Divisions of Labor in Society (1891) Suicide (1897) The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912)
Durkheim, the French sociologist, set up first European Sociology Department.
"William James, the American psychologist, wrote Principals of Psychology (1890). In the States, the discipline of Psychology was developing, with Charles Sanders Pierce being one of the first."
- 1895 Studies on Hysteria (co-authored with Josef Breuer) 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams 1913 Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics 1920 Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1921 Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego1923 The Ego and the Id 1930 Civilization and Its Discontents 1939 Moses and Monotheism.
American Anthropologists:
Franz Boas. Margaret Mead. Mary Douglass.
Functionalist Anthropologist:
Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942). Alfred Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955).
Levi-Strauss (1908-2009).
Anthropology as Deep Description
Clifford Geertz (1926-2006).
Anthropology as Political Ecology.
Rappaport. Eric Woolf.
Symbolic Anthropologists.
Raymond Firth. Eric Turner. Catherine Bell.
Cognitive Anthropology
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- ^ Harrison, James Pinckney (1981). The Endless War: Fifty Years of Struggle in Vietnam. New York: The Free Press.
- ^ Duiker, William J. (1983). [www.jstor.org/stable/40105319 "Review: The Endless War: Fifty Years of Struggle in Vietnam"]. The International History Review. 5: 445–448 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Van Don, Tran (1978). Our Endless War: Inside Vietnam. San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press.
- ^ Chace, James (1984). Endless War: How We Got Involved in Central America-And What Can Be Done. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-72779-7.
- ^ Gleditsch, Hans Petter (1986). [www.jstor.org/stable/423500 "Reviewed Work: Endless War by James Chace"]. Journal of Peace Research. 23: 87–87 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Chace, James. "The Endless War". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
- ^ Faculty profile at LSE, retrieved 2010-03-06.
- ^ Keen, David (2006). Endless war? Hidden functions of the 'war on terror'. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 0 7453 2417 3.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ^ Reid, Julian (2008). [www.jstor.org/stable/25144729 "Reviewed Work: Endless War? Hidden Functions of the 'War on Terror' by David Keen"]. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-). 84: 155–156 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Lewis H. Morgan, Ancient Society, online, Marxist Internet Archive Reference Archive, accessed 16 Feb 2009. Note: Source is a copy of Morgan's text; it says nothing about his influence on Marxist thinkers.
- ^ Sewell, Rob. "Origin of the family: In Defence of Engels and Morgan". Retrieved 15 June 2016.