User:Mff2020/sandbox

Note to Instructor: Under each article, you will see a section called "Edits I Made to the Article" bolded and underlined. If you have any trouble finding these sections or seeing the edits I made, please contact me. The Wikipedia hyperlink for each article I edited is above everything and the sections below it may also include other thoughts about the article.

The Bennett Freeze

EDITS I MADE TO THE ARTICLE:

1. changed "The Bennett Freeze refers to a policy that froze development on a large swath of land in the state of Arizona." to "The Bennett Freeze was a development ban on 1.5 million acres of Navajo lands by the US Federal Government."
2. Inserted sentence: "It was put in place in 1966 in order to promote negations over a land dispute between the Navajo and the Hopi and lasted until 2009."
3. Changed sentence lead in "Named for then-Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Robert L. Bennett" to sentence: "It was named for the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at the time, Robert L Bennett and meant that in the "frozen area, no development at all could occur. This included fixing roofs, building houses, and repairing roads."
4. Inserted hyperlink for "Navajo" and "Hopi"
5. Added sentence "Now, around 20,000 people live in the formerly frozen area."
6. Cited above sentence
7. Added sentences: lthough the development freeze has been lifted since 2009, people in the area continue to suffer. Only 24% of the houses in the area are habitable, almost 60% do not have electricity, and the majority do not have access to potable running water.
8. Cited above information to LA times article.
9. Removed sentences: "The Bennett Freeze was enacted in 1966 due to a longstanding land dispute between the Hopi and Navajo Native American tribes. It affected an area of 1.6 million acres and approximately 8,000 Navajo people who live in the disputed area. Lasting for 40 years, the freeze was lifted in 2006 due to an agreement that was signed by the Hopi and Navajo Nations. In 2009, Congress formally repealed The Bennett Freeze (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Public_Law_111-18)." I have rewritten most of the information from above.
10. Added citation to Kit Carson part that had a "Citation Needed" Tag '
11. Changed "granted" to "allotted" because the former has such a positive connotation
12. Added sentence: "The defeated Navajo were forced to travel 300 miles to this new reservation"
13. Added citation to a book found in the UC Berkeley Library to above sentence.
14. Added citation to last two sentences in Mining Era section
15. Added a new subsection: "The History of the Bennett Freeze"
16. Added paragraph with citations to Harvard Human Rights Journal (accessible only via UC Berkeley Library) LA Times, and US Senate Report.
17. This is what the first paragraph in the new section looks like: "When the former Commissioner of Indian Affairs Robert L. Bennett created the development ban, he had intended to ameliorate tensions that had existed for over a century between the Hopi and Navajo. The Navajo had already enveloped the Hopi by the 1820s and even though the federal government set aside land whose primary occupants were supposed to be the Hopi in 1882, Navajo continued to reside in the contested area. Competition for the land continued, especially over large coal-containing areas under Black Mesa. In 1962, the Supreme Court ruled in Healing v. Jones that there should be a “Joint Use Area” for both tribes, but tensions continued. The Freeze was intended to be temporary incentive to make the two tribes negotiate over the land, but an agreement was never reached. Under it, Hopi and Navajo would have to “agree upon any proposed economic activity in the area prior to undertaking that activity”.  This meant the start of many hardships for the thousands of Navajos and Hopi affected because the freeze essentially halted all economic development in the area. Additionally, there was constant conflict revolving around access to sacred sites. " (except the numbering of the citations is different in the article).
18. Added another paragraph to the "History" subsection: "In 1972, Assistant Secretary Interior Harrison Loesch tried to decrease the severity of the situation by “unfreezing” some of the areas. However, because these areas were primarily Hopi and therefore hardly any more Hopi territory was affected by the Freeze, the Hopi essentially had unilateral veto power for proposed projects. Recognizing this problem, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs Morris Thomson gave his office the authority to override any improvement requests that the Hopi had rejected in 1976. The Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974 was a further attempt to reduce tensions by forcing Hopis off of lands reserved for Navajos and vice versa. Under this act, 6,000 Navajos had to leave their homes and once again, tensions were not reduced. Some claim that the primary beneficiary of this act were actually coal companies, specifically Peabody Coal, who would gain land access. They also posit that the conflict between the Hopi and Navajo was greatly exaggerated precisely to gain access to these resources. In 1980, the US government tried to intervene again. However, as the government itself admitted in Senate Report 100-462, “the result [of past US actions] has been that the Native Americans living in the Bennett Freeze region reside in conditions that have not changed since 1966 and need to be improved”. In 2005, the tribes met to discuss how the disputed land should be managed. In 2009, the ban was finally lifted by President Obama. In 2010, Representative Ann Kirkpatrick (D-Arizona) introduced legislation to allocate more funds to the former Bennett Freeze area, but the bill has not passed."
19. Added citations into above paragraph.
20. Changed "In 2005..." sentence to "In 2005, Senator John McCain (R-Arizona) introduced Senate Bill 1003: Navajo-Hopi Land Settlements of 2005. The bill passed the senate and included provisions such as amendments to the "Joint Use Area" established in 1880."
21. Added new citation to above sentence

Sources:

• AP. "High Court Stays out of Navajo, Hopi Dispute." Infoweb.newsbank.com. The Denver Post Corp, 30 Aug. 1996. Web.
• Development Needs of the Former Bennett Freeze Area : Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, Special Hearing, 103d Cong., 210 (1994) (testimony of Petersen Zah). Print.
• Linthicum, Kate. "Trying to Be Rebuild after 40 Frozen Years." Latimes.com. Los Angeles Times, 05 Nov. 2009. Web.
• Locke, Katherine. "How Should Navajo Nation Fix the Bennett Freeze?" Nhonews.com. Western News & Info, Inc., 10 Oct. 2015. Web.
• Martin, John F. and T.L. McCarty. “The Southwest Culture Area.” Native North Americans: An Ethnohistorical Approach. Ed. Daneil L. Boxberger. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt, 1990. 251-260. Print.
• Minard, Anne. "The Bennett Freeze's Surreal Nightmare Should Be Ending - but It's Not." Indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/. Indian Country Today, 18 Dec. 2012. Web.
• Moore, Josh D. “Justice too long delayed on the Navajo Reservation: the ‘Bennett’ Freeze as a case study in government treatment of Native Americans.” Harvard Human Rights Journal Spring 1993: 222-229. LegalTrac.
• Morales, Laurel. "Navajo Slow To Rebuild After Development Freeze." Fronterasdesk.org. Fronteras, 1 Aug. 2013.
• "Navajo Vice President and Council Hear Bennett Freeze Concerns  ." Native News Online. Native News Online, 26 Sept. 2015.
• Norrell, Brenda. "Peabody Coal Seized 1 Million Navajo and Hopi Artifacts from Black Mesa." Bsnorrell.blogspot.com. Censored News, 22 Apr. 2013.
• Parlow, Anita. "Navajo Forced to Relocate." Culturalsurvival.org. Cultural Survival, Inc., 19 Feb. 2010. .
• Rabbit, Winter. "John McCain, Indian Agent." Nativeamericannetroots.net. Native American Netroots, 5 Mar. 2008. Web. .
• Rabbit, Winter. "McCain & The Forced Navajo Relocation Law." Kos Media, LLC. Dailykos.com, 28 June 2015. Web.
• Rabbit, Winter. "McCain, Bennet Freeze & Forced Removal of Navajo: ’74 – ’96." Nativeamericannetroots.net. Native American Netroots, 5 Sept. 2008. Web. 10 Dec. 2015.
• "Requesting Immediate Support for Dineh Resistance Communities Whose Livestock Are Being Impounded by Hopi Rangers and Federal Agents." Black Mesa Indigenous Support RSS. Indigenous Action Media, 31 Oct. 2014. Web.
• Rock, Window. "Obama Signs Bennett Freeze Repeal." Navajotimes.com. The Navajo Times, 14 May 2009. Web.
• S. 1003, 109 Cong. (2005). Print.
• S. Rep. No. 110-110-462 (2008). Print.
• Touchin, Jared, and Jolene Holgate. "Navajo Leadership to Meet with Former Bennett Freeze Area Residents." Navajo Nation Council (n.d.): n. pag. 21 Sept. 2015. Web.
• Touchin, Jared, and Rick Abasta. "Press Release: Navajo Nation Demands Halt to Livestock Impoundment on Hopi Partitioned Lands." Resuscitation 33.2 (2014): n. pag. Navajo-nsn.gov. Navajo Nation Office, 30 Oct. 2014. Web.
• "Water Systems for 5 Navajo Families Affected by Uranium." Projectpueblo.org. Project Pueblo, n.d. Web.
• Wren, Paul. "The Two Navajo-Hopi Land Disputes." Wanna Be an Anthropologist :. N.p., 2005. Web.
• Yellowman, Don, Marsha Monestersky, and Lee Greer. Ranium Contamination Stakeholder Workshop Uranium Contamination Stakeholder Workshop Community Involvement Session. Tuba City: Forgotten People, 15 Sept. 2010. PPT.

Alliance '90/The Greens

- Translate information from: Die Gruenen

EDITS I MADE TO THE ARTICLE:

1. Added citation regarding founding. Moved citation bracket to be behind period.
2. Added sentence: "The focus of the party is on ecological, economic, and social sustainability." into the intro. Approximate translation from "Leitgedanke grüner Politik ist ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Nachhaltigkeit."
3. Changed sentence: "The party used to be called The Greens since its foundation in 1980 until its unification with Alliance '90 in 1993." to: "The Green Party was initially founded in West Germany as Die Grünen (the Greens) in January 1980. It rose out of the anti-nuclear energy, environmental, peace, new left, and new social movements of the late 20th century.
4. Added section on "Social Policy, Health, Family, and Education" under the "Policy". Translated loosely from German, own research added. "For many years, the Green Party has advocated against the "Ehegattensplitting" policy, under which the incomes of married couples are split for taxation purposes. Furthermore, the Party advocates for a massive increase in spending for places in preschools on the federal level. Investment in education should also be increased on the higher levels: 1 billion Euros more for vocational schools and 200 million Euros more BAföG (Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz in German, approximately translated to "the Federal Law for the Advancement of Education") for adults. In its platform in 2013, the Green Party advocated for a minimum wage of 8,50 Euro, which was implemented on January 1, 2015. It continues to press for higher minimum wages. The Greens want to continue having the age of 67 be the start of retirement, though they want to include some provisions, for example considering partial retirement. When it comes to drug usage, the Greens want to decriminalize marijuana usage and allow for private growing of plants. Furthermore, the Greens support research on the drug and the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes."
5. Added relevant 3 citations to above paragraph
6. Added section on "Women and Gender". Again, mix of translating from German website and own research.
7. Added paragraph: The Green Party has always been at the forefront of fighting for women's and gay's rights. For example, it supports the implementation of quotas in executive boards, the policy of equal pay for equal work, and continuing the fight against domestic violence. According to its website, the Green Party "fights for the acceptance and against the exclusion of homosexuals, bisexuals, transsexuals, intersexuals, and transgender people." to the above section
8. Added 2 relevant citations to the above paragraph.
9. Added: "In order to recognize the political persecution that LGBT+ people face abroad, the Green Party wants to extend asylum to LGBT people abroad. This goes along with the Green Party's support for gay rights in Germany as well, which includes the support for legalizing gay marriage."
10. Added citation to above paragraph.
11. Added sentence: "The policy change was sponsored primarily by Volker Beck, one of the Party's most prominent gay members. Because of the extensive support the Green Party has given the LGBT community since its conception, many gays and lesbians vote for the Green Party even if their political ideology does not quite align otherwise."
12. Added citation to above sentences.
13. Removed "This goes along with..." sentence.

Page I will create: Yuh-Line Niou

*** I had worked on creating this page, but someone beat me to creating it by 2 days. That article was still very small, so I made edits to it***

EDITS I MADE TO THE ARTICLE:

1. Created 4 new subsections: Early Life, Educational Background, Career, and The 2016 Race.
2. Added following sentence to "Educational Background": Niou attended Evergreen State College in Washington. She went on to receive a Masters in public Administration from Baruch Cole in New York.
3. Added following paragraph to "Career": Niou started her political career by working as an aid to Washington State lawmakers. In 2010, she moved to New York. There, she became the Chief of Staff for Flushing Assembly member Ron Kim. In the district she currently represents, Niou worked as a bartender at Winnie's, a restaurant on the corner of Baynard and Baxter.
4. Added following paragraph to "The 2016 Race": After a corruption scandal involving the incumbent at the time, Sheldon Silver, a new representative had to be chosen. Thus, a special election had to be called in April 2016. Silver chose Alice Cancel to replace him in his position. Cancel won this election. While Niou did not receive the Democratic nomination in April and ran as a Working Family Party candidate instead, Niou did win the Democratic nomination in September 2016. In December 2016, Niou won the election with approximately 32% of the vote. There were six other candidates in the race, and Niou only beat the opponent who came in second, Jenifer Rajkumar, by 1,130 votes.
5. Inserted hyperlink for Evergreen State College
6. Inserted hyperlink for Baruch College (fixed spelling)
7. Inserted hyperlink for Ron Kim
8. Inserted hyperlink for Sheldon Silver
9. Inserted hyperlink for Alice Cancel
10. Inserted hyperlink for Working Family Party
11. Inserted hyperlink for Jenifer Rajkumar.
12. Inserted sentence: Her name is pronounced "you-lean nee-oh" or "you lean new" according to various sources.
13. Inserted two citations for the two different pronunciations of her name
14. Inserted sentence: The 65th district, which is heavily Democratic, includes Chinatown, the Financial District, Battery Park City, and the Lower East Side.
15. Inserted two citations for the sources of the above sentence.
16. There was an edit conflict, so some of the above work is no longer visible in the article.
17. Changed sentence from point 14 to "The district, which is heavily Democratic, includes...."
18. Added city locations in Texas and Idaho.
19. Added citations to city locations.
20. Added sentence: According to Ballottopedia, Niou had received the endorsements of Assembly Members Ron Kim and Linda Rosenthal, Comptroller Scott Stinger, State Senator Daniel Squadron, the SEIU, the New York Times, and others.
21. Added citation for above sentence.
22. Added hyperlinks for El Paso, Texas, and Moscow, Idaho.
23. Some of my work that I had made for this article got deleted before I had kept track of it in my sandbox. For the intended structure and sources I had planned, see the "Intended Structure" below. The article in its current form is much shorter than it would have been in my vision.

Intended Structure for Article to create:

Introduction

-Member of the New York State Assembly (elect)

- district includes: 65th Assembly District—which includes Chinatown, the Lower East Side, the Financial District, and Battery Park City. District is strongly Democratic

- pronounced “you-lean nee-oh”. Alternate: “You Lean New,”

- 33 years old

- first Asian-American to represent district, which is 40% Asian (vogue) . "District of immigrants".  

- Consider for potentially different subesection: District is also Jewish. (Consider to add information: Silver had support of Orthodox Jews, she gained support of that community too)  

Early Life

- Born in Taiwan

- came to US at 6 months

- lived in Moscow, Idaho and El Paso, Texas

- While living in Texas, went to "Jewish community center summer day camp, and in Vancouver, Wash" 

Educational Background 

- Attended Evergreen State College in Washington 

- Baruch: masters in public administration , National Urban Fellows program  

Career

- Worked as aid to Washington state lawmakers - find more details  

- Moved to NY in 2010

- Chief of Staff for Flushing Assembly member Ron Kim in his first three years in office

- In the district: Bartending On the corner of Bayard and Baxter at Winnie’s.

The 2016 Race

- Replaced Sheldon Silver, who represented district for 40 years until a corruption scandal . Also beat out the person Silver had chosen to replace him, Alice Cancel.

- Special election had to be called in April to replace Silver. Cancel won that election.

- Became winner over 5 other candidates . Four of them Asian, Cancel Puerto Rican.  

- Lost to Cancel for Democratic nomination in April, ran as Working Families Party

- Won Democratic primary Cancel on Sept 13, 2016

- got 32% of the vote

- "She won by 1,130 votes over Jenifer Rajkumar, a daughter of Indian immigrants."

Endorsements, from Ballotopedia, which referenced campaign website:

• Comptroller Scott Stringer
• State Senator Daniel Squadron
• Assemblyman Ron Kim
• Assemblywoman Linda Rosenthal
• 32BJ SEIU
• Building and Construction Trades Council
• District Council 37
• Hotel Trades Council
• Mason Tenders District Council
• Teamsters JC16
• District Council 9
• The New York Times

- In general election, won against: Bryan Jung (Republican), Manny Cavaco (Green Party), Alice Cancel ( Women's Equality), Incumbent

Issues:

"Affordability is number one. Our district is incredibly expensive. Also ethics reform is a huge issue. We are at the ground zero of corruption. We have to fight for campaign finance reform, closing the LLC loophole, making sure we have limits on outside income of legislators. And, of course, resiliency: We are the district that was hit hardest by 9/11 and Hurricane Sandy." (interview)

Note: potentially include section on just the district

Note: a lot of the information comes from the Vogue source, but it is repeated by all the other sources multiple times.