User:Mikhailov Kusserow/Groapa cu nisip

Malvern, Joseland's home in Burns Road, Wahroonga

Howard Joseland (1860-1930) was an English architect who migrated to Australia and pursued a successful and influential career there.

Early life

Richard George Howard Joseland was born on January 14th, 1860 at Claines, Worcestershire, England, the son of a wine merchant. In the early days of his career, he was articled to the Haddon Brothers at Hereford, but moved to London in 1881. There, he obtained a position as assistant to George Robinson in the architectural company George Trollope and Sons. In time, his health suffered as a result of overwork, and he was advised to migrate to a more temperate clime. He went to New Zealand, where he worked on the railways for six months. He then moved to Sydney, Australia, in 1888, where he married Alice Taylor.

Career in Australia

In Sydney, Joseland met Walter Liberty Vernon, another English architect who had migrated to Australia for health reasons. The two architects joined forces and entered a competition to design a model suburb. It was the first of several projects they would work on together. In 1890, Vernon became New South Wales Government Architect, as a result of which he handed his private practice over to Joseland.

Joseland had relatively little work during the Depression of the 1890s; to make things even worse, his wife Alice died in 1891. However, he remarried in 1897, to Blanche Hay. His practice also began to recover with commissions in 1898. In 1903, he took on Hugh Vernon -- a son of Walter Vernon -- who had been Joseland's pupil. The practice took on a variety of commissions, including commercial buildings, but Joseland's clientele was predominantly well-off people who required comfortable homes. Many of them were moving into the new residential areas in Sydney's north, where suburbs like Wahroonga and Warrawee developed. Joseland is credited with designing something like nineteen homes in these areas. His output included his own home, Malvern, which he built in 1900 in Burns Road, Wahroonga. He designed it in the Federation Bungalow style, featuring a prominent veranda to create shade.

From 1914 to 1919, Joseland conducted a solo practice before joining forces with Glynn Gilling, another young English architect who had migrated to Australia. Joseland retired in 1929, selling the business to Gilling, who retained the business name Joseland and Gilling. Joseland was active in various community activities and musical societies, as well as being a keen fisherman and author of the book Angling in Australia and Elsewhere, which was published in 1921. He also found time to visit England twice with his wife Blanche. He died of cancer in the eastern Sydney suburb of Darlinghurst on July 20th, 1930, and was buried at South Head Cemetery in another eastern Sydney suburb, Vaucluse.

Influence

Joseland was one of the earliest architects in Australia to reject the Victorian architectural styles that had developed in England and which had little relevance to the Australian climate. He wrote a magazine article, Domestic Architecture in Australia (published in 1890), in which he advocated architectural styles that were suitable for the local climate. Like Walter Liberty Vernon, he favoured the styles of the Federation era (1890-1915) and actually contributed to the development of the Australian version of the Queen Anne style, which ultimately became the most popular residential style in Australia in the first decade of the 20th century.. This latter style had arrived in Australia in 1885 with the construction of Caerleon in the Sydney suburb of Bellevue Hill ; its influence can be seen strongly in the homes Joseland designed for his clientele, along with the Arts and Crafts style that was also popular.

• 
  Westholme, Water Street, Wahroonga
• 
  Craignairn, Burns Road, Wahroonga
• 
  MIdhope (St Edmund's School), Burns Road, Wahroonga
• 
  Rippon Grange, Water Street, Wahroonga

Sample of Joseland buildings

• Redleaf, Redleaf Avenue, Wahroonga. Built in 1899 for W.G. Parish in Queen Anne style, considered an important example of Joseland's work. Has Local Government Heritage listing.
• Westholme, Water Street, Wahroonga. Designed in Arts and Crafts style for John Bennett, built 1894.
• Craignairn, Burns Road, Wahroonga. Built for Walter Strang.
• Eldinhope, Burns Road, Wahroonga. Designed for Florence Hooke circa 1900, became Eldinhope School for Girls in 1901.
• Mount Alverna, Burns Road, Wahroonga. Built circa 1891 for opthalmic surgeon Dr. Francis Packley, became Franciscan Order retreat 1950s-1980s.
• Rippon Grange, Water Street, Wahroonga. Designed with John Sulman circa 1898 in the Arts and Crafts style, for Frederick Sargood. Joseland and Vernon were commissioned to design the garden of one hectare.
• Midhope, Burns Road, Wahroonga. Built 1896 for Sir James Murdoch, now St Edmund's School for Children with Special Needs.
• Paterson, Reid and Bruce Building, York Street, Sydney. Impressive commercial building in brick and sandstone, designed with Vernon, listed on Register of the National Estate.

References

Baiame Cave, Milbrodale

Aboriginal sites of New South Wales consist of a large number of places in the Australian state of New South Wales where it is still possible to see visible signs of the various activities of the Australian Aborigines -- or Indigenous Australians -- who occupied these areas before the arrival of European settlers in 1788.

These sites are comparable with the petroglyphs of Native Americans and the Rock Art found elsewhere in Australia, but are not restricted to rock carvings.

History and description

The Aboriginal Australians arrived in the north of Australia around 50,000 years ago. Sites over 22,000 years old have been found in the Blue Mountains area west of Sydney, while sites going back 40,000 years exist at Lake Mungo. There are some thousands of known sites, many but not all located in national parks. Some sites are also found in more suburban settings; rock carvings can be seen in the Sydney suburbs of Bondi and Tamarama.

It is worth noting that Indigenous Australians were not interested in "art for art's sake" as understood by Westerners. Art was not something that was separated from daily life and restricted to a gallery. The art they developed was an integral part of day-to-day life and would normally have a purpose. One such purpose is thought to have been what some people call "wish fulfilment magic" -- or sympathetic magic -- in which the act of creating the magical work is thought to bring about the event depicted in the work. For example, a hunting scene -- a common subject in rock carvings -- would be aimed at bringing about the desired reality of good hunting. There were also many artworks that were created for specific ceremonial purposes and which were not intended to last after the ceremony was over. In addition to such themes, there were also works of a more secular nature, which could be created for a number of reasons, including the instruction and entertainment of children.

There were substantial variations in the character of art developed in different parts of New South Wales. Art in the western part of the state could be very different from the art created in coastal areas.

Aboriginal sites in the state are administered by the National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales. All known sites are recorded on the register known as the Aboriginal Heritage and Information Management System (AHIMS), which is run by the National Parks and Wildlife Service. There were approximately 58,000 registered sites as of 2009.

There is generally a policy of protecting Aboriginal sites, although a small number of sites are publicised. Notable examples are those at the Basin Track, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, and the Bulgandry site, Brisbane Water National Park. On the other hand, restricted sites will never be made available to the public. If anyone thinks they have a legitimate reason for wanting to inspect sites that are not normally available to the public, they can apply to AHIMS for permission.

The sites are of many different types, for example:

• Paintings
• Rock carvings
• Hand stencils
• Charcoal drawings
• Shell middens
• Shield trees
• Restricted sites

• 
  Rock carving, Basin Track, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park
• 
  Shield tree, Bullawarring Track, Heathcote National Park
• 
  Charcoal drawing, Myuna Creek, Heathcote National Park
• 
  Rock carving, Bulgandry, Brisbane Water National Park

Paintings cover a wide range of subjects, both spiritual and secular. Coloured pigmentation was created with ochre (giving a red/orange colour), charcoal (for a black pigmentation) and ash (for grey pigmentation). One good example is the rock shelter popularly known as Baiame's Cave, at Milbrodale, with paintings depicting a large figure that may be Baiame, the Sky Father.

Rock carvings are of a style known as "simple figurative", which conventional archaeological thinking dates to the last 5000 years. Other engravings show European sailing ships, and so cannot be more than about 200 years old. Thus we are left with a date range of 5000-200 years ago. It is likely that some of the freshest engravings represent the later part of that time range, whilst the most worn represent the earliest part. However, the situation is complicated by the fact that we know the engravings were sometimes "re-grooved" during ceremonies. In addition to pictorial carvings, there are many grinding grooves, caused by grinding stone implements on a rock surface to shape them and give them an edge.

Hand stencils can often be found in rock shelters and caves, which have given them protection from the elements over the years. They were created by placing the hand on a rocky surface and blowing pigmentation around it, leaving the silhouette of the hand on the rock. There is often a number of them in one place. The best-known example is Red Hands Cave, in the Blue Mountains National Park, which has many stencils, including those created by children as well as adults.

Charcoal drawings were exactly that: drawings executed with a piece of charcoal. Like the rock carvings, they could be of a wide range of subjects, with animals often featured.

Shell middens developed in occupation sites where shell fish were consumed. Over the years, layers of shells would build up, creating a concentration of many shells in the soil around the occupation site.

Shield trees are seen occasionally in the Sydney bush. A substantial piece of bark would be cut out of a tree and used as a shield or tray. A visible "scar" was thus left behind, which could vary considerably in size, some being quite large.

Restricted areas are usually of a spiritual nature and were restricted to adult males and, in some cases, women. These sites could include ceremonial sites, bora grounds, mens sites and womens birthing sites.

Occupation sites and sacred sites

It is necessary to distinguish between occupation sites and sacred sites, a subject about which there is often great confusion. Many people think that all Aboriginal sites are "sacred sites", but the reality is more complex. Most sites are known as occupation sites, which were used by the entire tribe. Sacred sites, on the other hand, could only be accessed by adult males, or women in the case of certain sites.

• 
  Grinding grooves, Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site, Wentworth Falls
• 
  Rock carvings, Bondi Golf Course, North Bondi
• 
  Hand stencils, Red Hands Cave, Blue Mountains
• 
  Rock carving, Bantry Bay, Garigal National Park

Imitations

It is worth noting that there are many imitation sites, in which Europeans created imitations of Aboriginal art, usually in the form of rock carvings. One of the most prominent examples is a large carving of a kangaroo alongside a walking track at Grotto Point, in the Sydney Harbour National Park. This has been known for some time to be an imitation (or "fake", as some would say).

European imitation, Grotto Point, Sydney Harbour

Examples

• Appletree Aboriginal Area, 75 kilometres north-west of Newcastle. A group of rock shelters with hand stencils and paintings of human figures. Listed on the Register of the National Estate.
• Baiame Cave, Milbrodale. A large rock shelter with paintings of a human figure plus objects like boomerangs. Listed on the Register of the National Estate.
• Bondi Golf Course, North Bondi. Contains a group of rock carvings. (A nearby group of carvings is thought to have been done by Portuguese sailors in the 18th century.)
• Brisbane Water National Park, Central Coast. The park contains many Aboriginal sites, notable Bulgandry on the Woy Woy Road, with many rock carvings.
• Garigal National Park, Sydney. A large group of rock carvings is located near Bantry Bay.
• Heathcote National Park, south of Sydney. Various sites are known, including a shield tree west of the Bullawarring Track, adjacent to an occupation cave, plus a group of charcoal drawings alongside Myuna Creek.
• Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site, Wentworth Falls. A rocky knoll is topped by a group of large grinding grooves, plus carved images of wallaby and emu tracks. On the eastern side of the hill there is an occupation cave.
• Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, north of Sydney. Contains many sites, notably those along the Basin Track, the Echidna Track, the Cowan Track and the Red Hand Track.
• Mootwingee Aboriginal Site, western New South Wales. Secure waterholes made this an area for Aboriginal life. Contains galleries of paintings and carvings.
• Mungo National Park, western New South Wales, contains the oldest known remains of humans in Australia, dating back 40,000 years, plus artifacts, tools, fire places and hearths.
• Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Hawkesbury River area, contains numerous sites including carvings and grinding grooves.
• Mutawintji Historic Site, north-east of Broken Hill, contains excellent collection of rock art. Access is restricted to guided tours.
• Mutawintji National Park, north-east of Broken Hill, contains galleries of rock art and paintings.
• Red Hands Cave, Blue Mountains National Park, outside Glenbrook, contains large collection of hand stencils.
• Stonewoman Aboriginal Area, Inverell area, features Tingha Stonewoman rock formation, a teaching and ceremonial site.
• Tamarama, Sydney. A large carving of a whale and fish is located beside the path from Bondi Beach to Tamarama.
• Wollemi National Park, north of the Blue Mountains, contains many Aboriginal sites, notably at Eagles Reach Cave, discovered by bushwalkers in 1995.