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Notes

Giacomo Oreglia, The Commedia dell'Arte

Pantalone was the original 'il Magnifico' character in Commedia dell'Arte, and he is a Venetian character that originated in Venice. pg.78

The name Pantalone has two possible origins; one is St. Pantaleone, who was one of Venice's patron saints, and the other is Venetian merchants. Venetian merchants were called Piantaleoni because of the St. Mark planting custom. pg.78

A lot of Pantalone's comedy stems from the fact that his excitable actions greatly contradict the senile position that the actor takes. pg. 78

The costume for Pantalone is characterized by the use of red for almost the entire costume. The characteristics of the costume also include a Greek style hat, a jacket, a pair of long breeches, and a robe or cape; it also includes a prominent codpiece or strategically placed coin purse. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a sword or dagger often accompanied the purse. The Pantalone mask is a half-mask with accents on bony structure, big eyebrows, a hooked nose, a mustache, and a long beard. pg.80

Pantalone is slow moving, and his body is curved in and hunched for the image of being old and senile. He has bouts of agility when there is high emotion, but it is followed by asthmatic breathing and panting. pg.80

Judith Chaffee and Olly Crick, The Routledge Companion to Commedia dell'Arte

Pantalone originated as part of a master/servant duo. pg62

Goldoni, in his memoirs, named Pantalone as one of the four primary Commedia dell'Arte characters. pg64

While the social standing of merchants may have changed throughout the centuries, the intent for Pantalone was to ensure that he had the status that allowed him to meddle in the affairs of others. pg65

Pantalone's costume was designed with the inappropriateness intended to comically entertain. pg68

John Rudlin, Commedia dell'Arte: An Actor's Handbook

While the theories of the St Pantaleone and the lion of St Mark are common, they are both now considered unlikely origins, and the true origin is unknown. pg91

Pantalone serves as both the employer to the zanni characters and a father to the inammorati characters, which puts him in the position of power and defines his Magnifico status. pg 92

Pantalone is often short and skinny. pg92

His costume is characterized by long trousers or breeches with stockings, a tight jacket, and a woolen skullcap, all red. It also includes a black and red robe and yellow Turkish slippers. pg92-3

The mask of Pantalone is characterized by a long, hooked nose, bushy eyebrows, a mustache and a pointed beard. pg93

He often has a gold medallion necklace and a dagger accompanying his costume. pg93

His stance is meant to reflect the stance of an old man, so his back is curved so that he is hunched over. This is supposedly to protect his penis and coin purse. The hunched shape restricts his legs, which are bent and turned out at the knees. The feet have the heels together with the toes facing apart. pg93

Pantalone can do all of the movements of the other characters, but they are greatly hindered because of his old age. He is mostly slow moving, and he often falls on his back and gets stuck like a turtle when he hears bad news. pg94

His hands and feet move quickly, though his body is stiff, and his head is constantly moving. pg.94

Pantalone is characterized as loving his money and having emotional extremes. pg94

He is also described as being petty, and he never forgets or forgives even the smallest things. pg95

Pantalone is described as being to self-absorbed to notice and interact much with the audience, but he is so obvious that it serves the same purpose. pg95

K. M. Lea, Italian Popular Comedy

He occasionally is noted as having horn spectacles. pg 15

Pierre Louis Duchartre, The Italian Comedy

The role of Pantalone is usually spoken entirely in the Venetian dialect. pg185

Lynne Lawner, Harlequin on the Moon

The name Pantaloon generally means "old fool" or "dotard". pg46

Barry Grantham, Playing Commedia

The beard usually either comes to a point or is forked. pg156

When he walks, his feet should be picked up more than would occur naturally. pg157

He occasionally carries a walking stick, but it is used more as an aggravating weapon than an actual walking tool. pg157