Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | /ˌmɛθəlˈfɛnɪdeɪt, -ˈfiː-/ |
Trade names | Ritalin, Concerta, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682188 |
License data |
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Pregnancy category |
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Dependence liability | High[1] |
Addiction liability | High[2] |
Routes of administration | By mouth, transdermal[1] |
Drug class | CNS stimulant |
Legal status | |
Legal status |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | Approx. 30% (range: 11–52%) |
Protein binding | 10–33% |
Metabolism | Liver (80%) mostly CES1A1-mediated |
Elimination half-life | 2–3 hours[3] |
Excretion | Urine (90%) |
Identifiers | |
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Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C14H19NO2 |
Molar mass | 233.31 g/mol |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Melting point | 74 °C (165 °F) [4] |
Boiling point | 136 °C (277 °F) [4] |
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Methylphenidate, sold under the trade name Ritalin among others, is a stimulant medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.[1] It is a first line medication for ADHD.[1] It may be taken by mouth or applied to the skin.[1] Different formulations have varying durations of effect.[1]
Common side effects of methylphenidate include difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, anxiety, and weight loss.[1] More serious side effects may include psychosis, allergic reactions, prolonged erections, substance abuse, and heart problems.[1] Methylphenidate is believed to work by blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake by neurons.[6][7] Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine and piperidine classes.[1][8]
Methylphenidate was first made in 1944 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955.[1][9] It was originally sold by Swiss company CIBA, now Novartis Corporation.[9] It is estimated that in 2013, 2.4 billion doses of methylphenidate were taken worldwide.[10] In 2017, it was the 47th-most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 16 million prescriptions.[11][12] It is available as a generic medication.[1] In the United States, the wholesale cost of the immediate release formulation is less than US$0.30 per dose as of 2018.[13]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. AHFS. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ Bonewit-West, Kathy; Hunt, Sue A.; Applegate, Edith (2012). Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. ISBN 9781455701506. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ Kimko HC, Cross JT, Abernethy DR (December 1999). "Pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of methylphenidate". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 37 (6): 457–70. doi:10.2165/00003088-199937060-00002. PMID 10628897.
- ^ a b "Chemical and Physical Properties". Methylphenidate. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ Arnsten AF, Li BM (2005). "Neurobiology of Executive Functions: Catecholamine Influences on Prefrontal Cortical Functions". Biological Psychiatry. 57 (11): 1377–84. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019. PMID 15950011.
- ^ Stahl, Stephen M. (11 April 2013). Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107686465.
- ^ Preedy, Victor R. (2016). Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions. Academic Press. p. 651. ISBN 9780128006771. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ a b Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O (2010). "The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2 (4): 241–55. doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8. PMC 3000907. PMID 21258430.
- ^ March 2015, The Pharmaceutical Journal6. "Narcotics monitoring board reports 66% increase in global consumption of methylphenidate". Pharmaceutical Journal. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ "Methylphenidate - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ "NADAC as of 2018-12-19". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.