| Yaws | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Frambesia tropica, thymosis, polypapilloma tropicum,[1] non-venereal endemic syphilis,[2] parangi and paru (Malay),[3] bouba (Spanish),[3] frambösie,[4] pian[5] (French),[3] frambesia (German),[3] bakataw (Maguindanaoan)[3] |
 | |
| Nodules on the elbow resulting from a Treponema pallidum pertenue bacterial infection | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Hard swelling of the skin, ulcer, joint and bone pain[6] |
| Causes | Treponema pallidum pertenue spread by direct contact[7] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, blood antibody tests, polymerase chain reaction[7] |
| Prevention | Mass treatment[7] |
| Medication | Azithromycin, benzathine penicillin[7] |
| Frequency | 46,000-500,000[7][8] |
Yaws is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue.[6][8] The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter.[6] The center may break open and form an ulcer.[6] This initial skin lesion typically heals after three to six months.[7] After weeks to years, joints and bones may become painful, fatigue may develop, and new skin lesions may appear.[6] The skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may become thick and break open.[7] The bones (especially those of the nose) may become misshapen.[7] After five years or more large areas of skin may die, leaving a scar.[6]
Yaws is spread by direct contact with the fluid from a lesion of an infected person.[7] The contact is usually of a non-sexual nature.[7] The disease is most common among children, who spread it by playing together.[6] Other related treponemal diseases are bejel (Treponema pallidum endemicum), pinta (Treponema carateum), and syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum).[7] Yaws is often diagnosed by the appearance of the lesions.[7] Blood antibody tests may be useful but cannot separate previous from current infections.[7] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most accurate method of diagnosis.[7]
There is no vaccine.[9] Prevention is, in part, by curing those who have the disease thereby decreasing the risk of transmission.[7] Where the disease is common, treating the entire community is effective.[7] Improving cleanliness and sanitation will also decrease spread.[7] Treatment is typically with antibiotics including: azithromycin by mouth or benzathine penicillin by injection.[7] Without treatment, physical deformities occur in 10% of cases.[7]
Yaws is common in at least 13 tropical countries as of 2012.[6][7] Almost 85% of infections occurred in three countries—Ghana, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands.[10] The disease only infects humans.[7] Efforts in the 1950s and 1960s by the World Health Organization (WHO) decreased the number of cases by 95%.[7] Since then cases have increased and there are renewed efforts to globally eradicate the disease by 2020.[7] In 1995 the number of people infected was estimated at more than 500,000.[8] In 2016 the number of reported cases was 59,000.[11] Although one of the first descriptions of the disease was made in 1679 by Willem Piso, archaeological evidence suggests that yaws may have been present among human ancestors as far back as 1.6 million years ago.[6]
References
edit- ^ Maxfield, L; Crane, JS (January 2020). "Yaws (Frambesia tropica, Thymosis, Polypapilloma tropicum, Parangi, Bouba, Frambosie, Pian)". StatPearls. PMID 30252269.
- ^ Marks, M; Lebari, D; Solomon, AW; Higgins, SP (September 2015). "Yaws". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 26 (10): 696–703. doi:10.1177/0956462414549036. PMC 4655361. PMID 25193248.
- ^ a b c d e Dofitas, BL; Kalim, SP; Toledo, CB; Richardus, JH (30 January 2020). "Yaws in the Philippines: first reported cases since the 1970s". Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 9 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s40249-019-0617-6. PMC 6990502. PMID 31996251.
- ^ Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ James WD, Berger TG, et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. OCLC 62736861.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Mitjà O; Asiedu K; Mabey D (2013). "Yaws". The Lancet. 381 (9868): 763–73. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62130-8. PMID 23415015. S2CID 208791874.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Yaws Fact sheet N°316". World Health Organization. February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
- ^ a b c Mitjà O; Hays R; Rinaldi AC; McDermott R; Bassat Q (2012). "New treatment schemes for yaws: the path toward eradication" (pdf). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 55 (3): 406–412. doi:10.1093/cid/cis444. PMID 22610931. Archived from the original on 2014-05-18.
- ^ Asiedu, Kingsley; Fitzpatrick, Christopher; Jannin, Jean (25 September 2014). "Eradication of Yaws: Historical Efforts and Achieving WHO's 2020 Target". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (9): 696–703. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003016. ISSN 1935-2727. PMC 4177727. PMID 25193248.
- ^ Mitjà, O; Marks, M; Konan, DJ; Ayelo, G; Gonzalez-Beiras, C; Boua, B; Houinei, W; Kobara, Y; Tabah, EN; Nsiire, A; Obvala, D; Taleo, F; Djupuri, R; Zaixing, Z; Utzinger, J; Vestergaard, LS; Bassat, Q; Asiedu, K (June 2015). "Global epidemiology of yaws: a systematic review". The Lancet. Global Health. 3 (6): e324-31. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00011-X. PMC 4696519. PMID 26001576.
- ^ "Number of cases of yaws reported". World Health Organization Global Health Observatory. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2019.