Rosen, Milton J (2004), Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena (3 ed.), Surfactant Research Institute, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, ISBN 0471478180
- US 3947261, Sale, Ernest W & Hodges, John W., "Production of ammonium polyphosphate solutions", published 30 March 1976, assigned to Agrico Chemical Company (Tulsa, OK)
- Leikam, Dale F. (24 April 2008). "Storage and Handling Characteristics Of Ammonium Polyphosphate Solution" (PDF). Fluid Fertilizer Foundation.
How do I change {{Wildland Firefighting}} so that the picture always shows but the remainder is collapsable? (See {{Template:Christian denominations}} and {{Template:Christianity}})
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Human involvement
editThe human use of fire for agricultural and hunting purposes during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic ages altered the preexisting landscapes and fire regimes. Woodlands were gradually replaced by smaller vegetation that facilitated travel, hunting, seed-gathering and planting.[1] In recorded human history, minor allusions to wildfires were mentioned in the Bible and by classical writers such as Homer. However, while ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman writers were aware of fires, they were not very interested in the uncultivated lands where wildfires occurred.[2][3] Wildfires were used in battles throughout human history as early thermal weapons.
From the Middle ages, accounts were written of occupational burning as well as customs and laws that governed the use of fire. In Germany, regular burning was documented in 1290 in the Odenwald and in 1344 in the Black Forest.[4]
In 14th century Sardinia, firebreaks were used for wildfire protection. In Spain during the 1550s, sheep husbandry was discouraged in certain provinces by Philip II due to the harmful effects of fires used in transhumance.[2][3] In the countries bordering the Baltic Sea, fire in land use systems was typical during the Neolithic period until World War II.[4] As early as the 1600s, Native Americans were observed using fire for many purposes including cultivation, signaling, and warfare. Scottish botanist David Douglas noted the native use of fire for tobacco cultivation, to encourage deer into smaller areas for hunting purposes, and to improve foraging for honey and grasshoppers. Charcoal found in sedimentary deposits off the Pacific coast of Central America suggests that more burning occurred in the 50 years before the Spanish colonization of the Americas than after the colonization.[5]
- ^ Pausas and Keeley, 597
- ^ a b Rackham, Oliver (November–December 2003). "Fire in the European Mediterranean: History". AridLands Newsletter. 54. University of Arizona College of Agriculture & Life Sciences. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ a b Rackham, 229-230
- ^ a b Goldammer, Johann G. (5–9 May 1998). "History of Fire in Land-Use Systems of the Baltic Region: Implications on the Use of Prescribed Fire in Forestry, Nature Conservation and Landscape Management". First Baltic Conference on Forest Fires. Radom-Katowice, Poland: Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC).
- ^ * "Wildland fire – An American legacy" (PDF). Fire Management Today. 60 (3). USDA Forest Service: 4, 5, 9, 11. Summer 2000. Retrieved 2009-07-31.