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editA facial composite is a graphical representation of one or more eyewitnesses' memories of a face, as recorded by a composite artist. Facial composites are used mainly in forensic science and archeology.[1] These images are used to reconstruct the suspect's face in hope of identifying them.[1] In archeology, faces of ancient people found as mummies or skeletal remains can be reconstructed to get a visualization of what these ancient people looked like.[1]
=== Article body ===Methods Hand-drawing
Construction of the composite was originally only performed by a trained artist, through drawing, sketching, or painting, in consultation with a witness or crime victim. FBI claims that hand-drawing is its preferred method for constructing a facial composite. [citation needed]
Feature-based selection
Feature-based systems essentially rely on the selection of individual features in isolation. Individual facial features (eyes, nose, mouth, eyebrows, etc.) are selected one at a time from a large database and then electronically 'overlaid' to make the composite image. This allows images to be created when suitable artistic talent is not available.
Such systems were originally mechanical, using drawings or photographs printed on transparent acetate sheets that could be superimposed on one another to produce the composite image. The first such system was the drawing-based "Identikit" which was introduced in the U.S. in 1959. A photograph-based system, "Photofit", was introduced in the UK in 1970. Modern systems are software-based; common systems include SketchCop FACETTE Face Design System Software, Identi-Kit 2000, FACES, E-FIT and PortraitPad.
Welker Facial Reconstruction Technique
This technique was developed to determine the depth and thickness of human face tissue.[2] In order to retrieve these results, a surgical blade was inserted into a cadavers face and then measured for the depth.[2] A man named Wilheim, perfected and advanced this technique in the 1880's to 1890's.[2] Wilheim used thinner needles to insert into the tissues resulting in a more targeted precise measurement of depth.[2]
References
edit- ^ a b c Wilkinson, Caroline (February 2010). "Facial reconstruction – anatomical art or artistic anatomy?". Journal of Anatomy. 216 (2): 235–250. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01182.x. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 2815945. PMID 20447245.
- ^ a b c d Gupta, Sonia; Gupta, Vineeta; Vij, Hitesh; Vij, Ruchieka; Tyagi, Nutan (September 2015). "Forensic Facial Reconstruction: The Final Frontier". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR. 9 (9): ZE26–ZE28. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/14621.6568. ISSN 2249-782X. PMC 4606364. PMID 26501035.