Orthodox Christian-Muslim Relations
editIn the Hadith, Prophet Mohammed explicitly prohibited jihad against the Abyssinians as long as they were not hostile to Muslims.[1] This is because Abyssinia’s (present-day Ethiopia) Aksumite monarch embraced a group of Muslims embarking on the first Hijrah from Arabia, fleeing persecution from their homeland.[2] The founder of Solomonic dynasty, Yekuno Amlak was heavily assisted by Muslim Sultanate of Showa in his struggle against the Zagwe dynasty.[3] Yekuno Amlak paid back this favor when the Sultan of Shewa appealed to him to put down a insurrection in Showa.[4] These friendly and collaborative relations between Muslim and Christian states would soon deteriorate in the following centuries. In the early fourteenth century Emperor Amda Seyon launched a crusade against the neighboring Muslim state of Ifat Sultanate, several mosques were demolished.[5] In the early fifteenth century Emperor Zara Yaqob invaded the Muslim state of Hadiya Sultanate and married the captured Hadiya princess Eleni which was condemned by Muslims.[6] In the late fifteenth century Adal Sultanate invaded Abyssinia led by Imam Mahfuz, his defeat brought about the early 16th century Jihad of the Adalese Imam Ahmed Gran against Ethiopia, where several churches were demolished.[7]
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Freedom of religion is provided by the constitution of 1995, and freedom of worship had also been guaranteed by the 1930 and 1955 Constitutions of Ethiopia, although in certain localities this principle is not always respected in practice. There is no state religion, and it is forbidden to form political parties based upon religion; all religious groups are required to register with the government, and renew their registration once every three years. It is a crime in Ethiopia to incite one religion against another. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church published works by an unknown author written in Ge'ez and translated to Amharic in 1986 which claimed Habesha should refrain from sexual intercourse with Oromo, Muslims, Shanqella, Falasha and animals because it was an abomination.[8] Discrimination against Muslims have been rampant since the creation of modern Ethiopia, Muslims were marginalized in the Haile Selassie era.[9] Haile Selassie actually came to power during the rise of opposition to Muslims in government positions.[10] U.S ambassador David H. Shinn stated in 2005 that the Ethiopian leadership continued to be largely Christian.[11] Tension between Christian and Muslim Oromo were witnessed during the 2005 Ethiopian general election, when Muslim Arsi Oromo denounced the Shewa Oromo for participating in political nepotism.[12] There is some tension between members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Protestant Christians, as well as between the Ethiopian Orthodox and Muslims in general. According to the Barnabas Fund, 55 churches were torched in March 2011 in the Jimma Zone by Muslims after a dispute. In December 2019 several mosques and Muslim owned businesses were attacked in the Christian dominated Amhara Region.[13]
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- ^ Ghunaimi, Mohammad. The Muslim Conception of International Law and the Western Approach. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 203.
- ^ Budge, E. A. Wallis (2014-08-01). A History of Ethiopia: Volume I (Routledge Revivals): Nubia and Abyssinia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-64915-1.
- ^ Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis on the Gibe region (PDF). p. 4.
- ^ Selassie, Sergew. Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270. p. 290.
- ^ Budge, E.A. A History of Ethiopia: Volume I (Routledge Revivals): Nubia and Abyssinia. Routledge. p. 297.
- ^ Hassen, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis on the Gibe region (PDF). University of London. p. 22.
- ^ "Adal". Encylopedia Britannica.
- ^ Jalata, Asafa. Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization: Comparing the African American and Oromo Movements. Springer. p. 99.
- ^ Loimeier, Roman. Islamic Reform in Twentieth-Century Africa. Edinburgh University Press.
- ^ Knight, Michael. Journey to the End of Islam. Soft Skull Press. p. 160.
- ^ Angore, T. Reconstruction of Ethiopia's Collective Memory by Rewriting its History (PDF). Tilburg University. p. 103.
- ^ Contested Power in Ethiopia: Traditional Authorities and Multi-Party Elections. BRILL. p. 189.
- ^ "Five arrested for attack on mosques in Ethiopia's Amhara region". Al Jazeera.