User:NoahElhardt/sandbox/Genlisea

Genlisea
Genlisea violacea traps and leaves
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Lentibulariaceae
Genus:	Genlisea
Species
See text.

Genlisea is a genus of carnivorous plants also known as corkscrew plants. The 21 species grow in wet terrestrial to semi-aquatic environments distributed throughout Africa and Central and South America. The plants use highly modified underground leaves to attract, trap and digest minute microfaunaca, particularly protozoans. Although suggested a century earlier by Charles Darwin, carnivory in the genus wasn't proven until 1998.

The generic name Genlisea honors the late Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St-Albin, comtesse de Genlis, a French writer and educator.

Two member of the genus, G. margaretae and G. aurea, possess the smallest and second smallest known genomes of all flowering plants.

Description

Genlisea are small herbs, growing from a slender rhizome and bearing two morphologically distinct leaf types - photosynthetic foliage leaves aboveground and highly modified subterranean leaves used to trap prey. The plants lack roots, although the subterranean traps perform many of the functions, such as anchorage and water absorption, normally performed by roots.

Several to many flowers are held by a slender, erect, and often tall inflorescence. As in other members of the bladderwort family, the corolla is fused into a bilobed tube tapering to a spur, with the lower lip of the corolla having three lobes. The calyx is five-lobed, in contrast to Utricularia's three-lobed calyx. Corolla colors are generally yellow or violet to mauve, although a few species are white or cream.

The foliage leaves grow in a hemisphere around the growth point. Depending on species, these leaves are linear to spatulate in shape and 0.5–5 cm (¼–2 in) in length.

The subterranean traps are white, lacking chlorophyll or any other pigmentation. They consist of a cylindrical stalk, widening at some distance below the surface into a hollow bulb-like utricle, and continuing as a hollow cylinder some further distance. At this point the stalk bifurcates into two furrowed spirals, between which the cylinder opening acts as the trap entrance. The furrows of the spiraled trap arms are lined with hairs pointing inward and toward the bifurcation. The hollow cylinder section leading from the bifurcation to the utricle is likewise lined with upward-pointing curved hairs. Some species produce two trap forms, one shorter and one longer, which probably target different prey groups.

Carnivory

Like all members of the bladderwort family, Genlisea attract, trap, and digest microfaunal prey to supplement the poor nutritional availability of their environment.

Early researchers noted that the utricles filled up with copepods, nematodes, and other minute organisms. This observation, as well as the unique terrestrial leaf morphology of the genus, prompted Darwin to surmise genus was likely carnivorous, though he .

Taxonomy

Intraspecific determination is depends almost wholly upon the inflorscence, particularly upon the indumentum.

Species	Subgenus	Distribution		Species	Subgenus	Distribution
G. africana	Genlisea	Africa		G. pallida	Genlisea	Africa
G. angolensis	Genlisea	Africa		G. pygmaea	Genlisea	South America
G. aurea	Genlisea	South America		G. repens	Genlisea	South America
G. barthlottii	Genlisea			G. roraimensis	Genlisea	South America
G. filiformis	Genlisea	Africa		G. sanariapoana	Genlisea	South America
G. glabra	Genlisea	South America		G. stapfii	Genlisea	Africa
G. glandulosissima	Genlisea	Africa		G. subglabra	Genlisea	Africa
G. guianensis	Genlisea	South America		G. taylorii	Genlisea
G. hispidula	Genlisea	Africa		G. uncinata	Tayloria	South America
G. lobata	Tayloria	South America		G. violacea	Tayloria	South America
G. margaretae	Genlisea	Africa

Distribution and habitat

Distribution of the genus Genlisea

Botanical history

The genus was discovered by Augustin François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire, who in 1833 described four species: G. aurea, G. filiformis, G. pygmaea, and G. violacea.