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User:Noorullah21/Dost Mohammad Khan Revamp

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This page is about the founder of the Barakzai dynasty of Afghanistan. For the founder of Bhopal State in India, see Dost Mohammad of Bhopal. For the town in Iran, see Dust Mohammad. For other similar names, see Dost Mohammad (disambiguation).

Dost Mohammad Khan
دوست محمد خان
Amir al-Mu'minin
Amir-I-Kabir
The Great Amir
Emir of Afghanistan
ReignSummer 1826 – 2 August 1839
1843 – 9 June 1863
PredecessorSultan Mohammad Khan
SuccessorWazir Akbar Khan
Sher Ali Khan
Born23 December 1792
Kandahar, Durrani Empire
Died9 June 1863 (aged 70)
Herat, Emirate of Afghanistan
Burial
Shrine of Khwaja Abd Allah (Gazur Gah), Herat, Afghanistan[1]
Spouse16 wives[2]
Issue27 sons and 25 daughters at the time of his death[3]
Names
Amir Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai
DynastyBarakzai dynasty
FatherSardar Payinda Khan Mohammadzai (Sarfraz Khan)
MotherZainab Begum[4]
ReligionSunni Islam
Military career
Battles / wars

Emir Dost Mohammad Khan Barakzai (Persian: دوست محمد خان بارکزی; 23 December 1793 – 9 June 1863), nicknamed the Amir-i Kabir,[5][6][7] was the founder of the Barakzai dynasty and one of the prominent rulers of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War.[8] With the decline of the Durrani dynasty, he became the Emir of Afghanistan in 1826.[9] He was the 11th son of Payendah Khan, chief of the Barakzai Pashtuns, who was killed in 1799 by King Zaman Shah Durrani.[3]

At the beginning of his rule, the Afghans lost their former stronghold of Peshawar Valley in March 1823 to the Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh at the Battle of Nowshera. The Afghan forces in the battle were led by Azim Khan, half-brother of Dost Mohammad Khan.[10] By the end of his reign, he had reunited the principalities of Kandahar and Herat with Kabul. Dost had ruled for a lengthy 36 years, a span exceeded only by Zahir Shah more than a century later.

A brilliant strategist, and ruthless fighter from a young age, Dost Mohammad was regarded as one of the greatest rulers in the history of Afghanistan, his myriad of campaigns had successfully forged the cities of Kabul, Kandahar, and Herat into one state, which all his predecessors under the exception of Ahmad Shah Durrani had failed to do so.[11][12]

Early life (1792-1818)

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Portrait of Payendah Khan Barakzai father of Emir Dost Mohammad Khan

Dost Mohammad Khan was born to an influential family on 23 December 1792 in Kandahar, Durrani Empire.[13] His father, Payinda Khan, was chief of the Barakzai Tribe and a civil servant in the Durrani dynasty. Their family can be traced back to Abdal (the first and founder of the Abdali tribe), through Hajji Jamal Khan, Yousef, Yaru, Mohammad, Omar Khan, Khisar Khan, Ismail, Nek, Daru, Saifal, and Barak. Abdal had Four sons, Popal, Barak, Achak, and Alako.[14] Dost Mohmmad Khan's mother belonged to the Qizilbash group.[15][16][17][18] Dost Mohammad Khan spoke Persian, Pashto, Punjabi and Turkish, but also had knowledge of the Kashmiri language.[19]

Payendah Khan Barakzai was the head of the house of Barakzai until his assassination in 1800 as orchestrated by Zaman Shah Durrani and his wazir, Wafadar Khan. Following this, His elder brother, Fateh Khan, became the chief of the Barakzai tribe and took an important role in raising Mahmud Shah Durrani on both of his reigns to the throne of the Durrani Empire, deposing Zaman Shah. Dost Mohammad came under the guardianship of his elder brother during the second reign of Mahmud Shah.[3] Dost Mohammad accompanied his elder brother Fateh Khan, the then Wazir of the Durrani Empire, to the Battle of Attock against the invading Sikhs. Dost Mohammad's early knowledge of military command was noted there, including leading brilliant cavalry charges.[20] During this period of time, Dost Mohammad Khan was appointed the governor of Kohistan in 1813.[21] [3]Dost Mohammad also accompanied Fateh Khan on a campaign to Herat in 1818. The two brothers arrived before the city in April 1818 and entered the city, sacking it and seizing loot from Firoz al-Din, the now deposed ruler there. Dost Mohammad's party instigated a dispute in the harem of Firoz al-Din, which led to Kamran Shah Durrani swearing revenge, but Dost Mohammad fled to Kashmir before any retaliation could be done.[3][22] Mahmud Shah repaid Fateh Khan's services by having him brutally assassinated in 1818, thus incurring the enmity of his tribe.[23][24]

Rise to Power (1818-1826)

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Civil war (1818-1826)

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Following Fateh Khan's imprisonment and execution, the many Barakzai governors revolted against Shah Mahmud and planned to topple his regime. Sher Dil Khan and Kohan Dil Khan fled from Herat to Sistan and began consolidating there. In Kashmir, many of the other Barakzai brothers were then led by Azim Khan, the new family head after Fateh Khan's death.[21][23] With permission from Azim Khan, Dost Mohammad marched on Kabul, with the majority of the army of the Barakzais remaining with Azim Khan due to ongoing war with the Sikhs.[25] Upon hearing Dost Mohammad's march on Kabul, Shah Mahmud departed from Kandahar to prevent the fall of his capital. However as he reached Ghazni, he became aware that Kandahar had fallen under the control of the Dil brothers. As a result, Mahmud Shah was stunted in the course of action to take.[25] While this was happening, Ata Mohammad Khan, one of the conspirators that had a principal role in the death of Fateh Khan Barakzai came to Kabul and wished for reconciliation. However, he was immediately seized when he entered the camp of Dost Mohammad Khan, and his eyes were removed with a dagger.[26]

Following this, Dost Mohammad Khan occupied Kabul, and when Shah Mahmud heard news of this, he fled to Herat alongside his family and retainers through the Hazarajat.[26]

Coup in Kabul (1826)

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Main article: Sultan Mohammad Khan

Reign and consolidation of power (1826-1839)

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Jalalabad campaign (Early 1834)

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Main article: Dost Mohammad's Campaign to Jalalabad (1834)

Shah Shuja's invasion of Kandahar (May-July 1834)

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Main article: Expedition of Shuja ul-Mulk

Consolidation of Ghazni (1834-1837)

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Afghan Turkestan campaign (September 1838 - March 1839)

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Main article: Afghan Turkestan Campaign of 1838-39

First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-1842)

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Main article: First Anglo-Afghan War

Restoration and Second Reign (1842-1863)

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Kunar campaign (1843)

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Hazarajat campaign (1843)

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Main article: Hazarajat Campaign of 1843

See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ Dalrymple, W. (2013). The Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan. Borzoi book. Bloomsbury. p. 478. ISBN 978-1-4088-1830-5. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  2. ^ H. Tarzi, Amin. "DŌST MOḤAMMAD KHAN". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e Tarzi, Amin H. "DŌSTMOḤAMMAD KHAN". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University.
  4. ^ "DŌST MOḤAMMAD KHAN". Iranonline. 15 December 1995. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  5. ^ McChesney, Robert; Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi (19 December 2012). The History of Afghanistan (6 vol. set): Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23498-7.
  6. ^ Yusuf, Mohamed (1988). A History of Afghanistan, from 1793 A.D. to 1865 A.D. New York University. ISBN 1466222417.
  7. ^ Kakar, M. Hasan (2006). A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan, 1863-1901. Brill. p. 10. ISBN 978-90-04-15185-7.
  8. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica – Dost Mohammad Khan, "ruler of Afghanistan (1823–63) and founder of the Barakzay dynasty, who maintained Afghan independence during a time when the nation was a focus of political struggles between Great Britain and Russia..."
  9. ^ "Anglo-afghan wars", Encyclopaedia Iranica
  10. ^ Munshi.
  11. ^ Lee 1996, p. 288.
  12. ^ Dalrymple 2013: "He grew up to be the most dangerous of all the enemies of Shah Shuja and by 1809, at the age of seventeen, was already a ruthless fighter as well as a canny and calculating strategist."
  13. ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. (2010). The A to Z of Afghan Wars, Revolutions and Insurgencies. Scarecrow Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-8108-7624-8. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  14. ^ Life of the Amîr Dost Mohammed Khan, of Kabul: with his political ..., by Mohan Lal, Volume 1. pp. 1–3.
  15. ^ "DŌST MOḤAMMAD KHAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2021. Dōst Moḥammad Khan was raised by his Qezelbāš mother, from the Persian tribe of Sīāh Manṣūr and reportedly Pāyenda Khan's favorite wife, though not of noble stock.
  16. ^ Tarzi, Amin H. "DŌSTMOḤAMMAD KHAN". Encyclopædia Iranica (Online ed.). United States: Columbia University.
  17. ^ The Rise of Afghanistan, p. 124 // Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban. Author: Stephen Tanner. First published in 2002 by Da Capo Press; (revised edition) reprinted in 2009. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, 2009, 375 pages. ISBN 9780306818264
  18. ^ 5. The Rise of Afghanistan, page 126 // Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban. Author: Stephen Tanner. First published in 2002 by Da Capo Press; (revised edition) reprinted in 2009. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, 2009, 375 pages. ISBN 9780306818264
  19. ^ Noelle, Christine (2012). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863). Taylor & Francis. p. 19. ISBN 9781136603174.
  20. ^ Griffin, Lepel Henry (1892). Ranjit Singh. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  21. ^ a b Noelle 1997, p. 9.
  22. ^ Dalrymple, William (2012). Return of a King: The Battle For Afghanistan (Paperback ed.). United Kingdom: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780307948533.
  23. ^ a b Lee 2019, p. 179.
  24. ^ Dalrymple 2012, p. 55-56.
  25. ^ a b Lee 2019, p. 180.
  26. ^ a b Lee 2019, p. 181.


References

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Political offices
Preceded by Barakzai dynasty
Emir of Afghanistan
Summer 1823 – 2 August 1839 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Barakzai dynasty
Emir of Afghanistan
1842 – 9 June 1863 		Succeeded by
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