User:Pembar/Garter Springs

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Garter springs are coiled steel springs that are connected at each end to create a circular shape, and are used in oil seals, shaft seals, belt-driven motors, and electrical connectors. Compression garter springs exert outward radial forces^[1], while extension garter springs exert inward radial forces^[1]. The manufacturing process is not much different than the creation of regular coiled springs, with the addition of joining the ends together. Like most other springs, most garter springs are manufactured with either carbon steel or stainless steel wire.

Types of Springs

Compression Springs

Compression garter springs are a type of coiled spring that exerts outward radial forces away from the center. They are typically made up of a thick steel wire with large coils; compression springs need to be able to handle very large loads while being able to return to their natural extended position. Compression springs^[2] store potential energy when they are compressed (length of spring decreases), and exert kinetic energy when released. Compression garter springs use this principle to withstand forces acting on it from outside. They may be placed inside a circular object to maintain the object's circular shape. This is similar to squeezing a rubber ball; the ball will contract when squeezed but will return to it's natural state once the external pressure is released.

Extension Springs

Extension garter springs are on the opposite side of the spring spectrum. Although they are also a type of coiled spring, extension garter springs exert inward radial forces that move toward the center. Extension springs^[3] store potential energy in their extended form and want to contract. Thinner wire and a greater number of coils allow extension springs to be able to contract quickly, which is essential when dealing with pressurized fluids and gases. Extension garter springs act against forces from the center, so they may be placed on the outside of a circular object to maintain the object's circular shape. They act similar to a bracelet, which is extended to fit around the hand and then snaps back into shape on the wrist. Extension garter springs are more common than compression garter springs because they use less material (smaller circumference and thinner wire) and they respond to changes quicker and more efficiently.

Manufacturing

Process

There are four main stages for the production of steel garter springs. The first step is to cut and coil reels of steel wire to produce normal coiled springs. The strength of the spring is proportional to the thickness of the wire. Compression springs are coiled in such a way that the coils are more spaced apart, while extension springs have no space between the coils.
The second step is to join each end of the spring to form the garter spring's unique circular shape. This can be accomplished through a few different ways:

Interlocking the loops at both ends of the spring
Using a short connector with a hook on one end and a loop on the other to attach the loops
Reducing the diameter on one end of the spring so that it fits into the other end (nib joint). This is the most common method used. It is crucial to back-wind the spring to prevent twisting tension that could deform the spring.

The third stage is heat treating, which prevents the spring from being too brittle to function. Heat treating involves placing the spring in an oven at high temperature for a predetermined amount of time, and then letting it cool slowly.
The fourth stage is applying the finishing touches to the spring, which may include grinding (flattening the ends of the spring), shot peening (shooting tiny steel balls at the spring to harden the wire further), setting (permanently fixing the length and pitch of the spring), coating (electroplating or applying paint or rubber to the surface to prevent corrosion), and packaging.

Materials

Carbon steel^[4] wire is typically used for garter springs due to its affordable price and usability, in comparison to stainless steel^[5]. Carbon steel^[4] springs tend to have very high yield strengths, and are able to return to their original shape when temporarily deformed. The carbon content in carbon steel wires range from 0.50 to 0.95 percent. This relatively small amount of carbon is enough to improve the toughness of the spring. The close proximity to oil and high-pressure engines mean heat treated garter springs are essential for enduring temperatures over 100°C (212°F). However, carbon steel is not suitable for highly corrosive environments; stainless steel^[5] would be a more viable option. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel in the amount of chromium present; stainless steel has between 10.5% to 11% chromium by mass, while carbon steel has about 1%.

Applications

Most garter springs are used for oil seals and shaft seals. Since they are able to withstand forces from all directions, garter springs are effective at handling changes in volume, pressure, temperature, and viscosity.

Industrial Applications

Typical industrial uses for garter springs include:

Gearbox seals - internal and external seals used to prevent contamination between high and low speed shafts
Hydraulic pump seals - high-pressure seals that have two lips to resist extremely high speeds in water pumps
Washing machine seals - water-resistant and anti-contaminant seal used in common washing machines

Automobile Applications

Automobile uses for garter springs include:

Diesel engine seals - temperature resistant seal that prevents chemical attacks without the use of much lubrication
Valve stem seals - sprung-lip seal that prevents damage of the valve seat area
Transmission seals - prevents leakage between torque converter and transaxle in front-wheel drive vehicles, and prevents leakage past output shaft in rear-wheel drive vehicles
Off-road wheel seals - dual seals used to counter mud, dirt, and water
Pinion seals - prevents dust, water, and mud from entering rear-wheel drive transmissions
Shock absorbing seals - complex seal with extra pressure release valve to prevent buildup of excess pressure
Air conditioning seals - uses hydrogenated nitrile with a rubber seal to prevent lubricant contamination

References

^ ^a ^b "What is Radial Force?". Cite error: The named reference "Radial Force" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ "Compression Spring".
^ "Extension Springs".
^ ^a ^b "Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels".
^ ^a ^b "Stainless Steels and Alloys: Why They Resist Corrosion and How They Fail".

External links

[Radial_Force-1] "What is Radial Force?". Cite error: The named reference "Radial Force" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[compression_spring-2] "Compression Spring".

[extension_springs-3] "Extension Springs".

[carbon_steel-4] "Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels".

[stainless_steel-5] "Stainless Steels and Alloys: Why They Resist Corrosion and How They Fail".

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