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The GATA transcription factor family consists of six DNA-binding proteins (GATA1-6) that regulates transcription of different proteins which can therefore affect different diseases.^[1] These six proteins are divided into two subfamilies of GATA1/2/3 and GATA4/5/6 based on differences in differentiation of stem cell tissues.^[1] All six proteins are required for differentiating mesoderm derived tissues. The difference is that GATA1/2/3 is required in development and differentiation of ectoderm derived tissues (such as hematopoietic and the central nervous system), while GATA 4/5/6 is for differentiation of endoderm derived tissues (such as embryonic stem cells of the heart and skin.^[1] Mutations in the GATA gene leads to problems in the thyroid, ears, kidney, heart, and can cause cancer. ^[1] GATA can be used as biomarkers in predicting different diseases such as acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) in Down syndrome, colorectal, and breast cancer.^[1]

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The Molecular Structure of the GATA Transcription Factor Family

In non-vertebrates, the GATA genes are located close together on the chromosomes. Due to evolution, these genes in humans moved apart and are separated into 6 distinct chromosomal regions.^[2] To regulate transcription of proteins, GATA transcription factors look for GATA sites with two conserved zinc finger involved in long range DNA interactions.^[2] In non-vertebrates, GATA transcription factors contain one zinc finger DNA binding domain (ZNI). In humans, GATA transcription factors contain two zinc finger DNA binding domains (ZNI and ZNII) which looks for adenine or thymine before the GATA sequence and adenine or guanine after as shown by the schematic: (A/T)GATA(A/G).^[4] Generally, ZNI and ZNII follow the sequence: CX2CX17–18CX2C.^[3]70% of the regions in the zinc finger domains are the same while the terminal amino and carboxyl domains can change.^[5]

References

Lentjes MH, Niessen HE, Akiyama Y, de Bruïne AP, Melotte V, van Engeland M. (Mar 2016). "The emerging role of GATA transcription factors in development and disease". Expert Rev Mol Med. 2016 Mar 8;18:e3. doi: 10.1017/erm.2016.2. PMID: 26953528; PMCID: PMC4836206.
He C, Cheng H, Zhou R. (Dec 2007). "GATA family of transcription factors of vertebrates: phylogenetics and chromosomal synteny". J Biosci. 2007 Dec;32(7):1273-80. doi: 10.1007/s12038-007-0136-7. PMID: 18202451.
Chen Y, Bates DL, Dey R, Laird-Offringa IA, Rohs R, Chen L. (Nov 2012). "DNA Binding by GATA Transcription Factor Suggests Mechanisms of DNA Looping and Long-Range Gene Regulation". Cell Reports; 2(5):1197-1206. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2012.10.012
Lowry JA, Atchley WR. (Feb 2000). "Molecular evolution of the GATA family of transcription factors: conservation within the DNA-binding domain". J Mol Evol. 2000 Feb;50(2):103-15. doi: 10.1007/s002399910012. PMID: 10684344.
Morrisey EE, Ip HS, Tang Z, Parmacek MS. (Mar 1997). "GATA-4 activates transcription via two novel domains that are conserved within the GATA-4/5/6 subfamily". J Biol Chem. 1997 Mar 28;272(13):8515-24. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.13.8515. PMID: 9079680.

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^ Lentjes, Marjolein HFM; Niessen, Hanneke EC; Akiyama, Yoshimitsu; de Bruïne, Adriaan P; Melotte, Veerle; van Engeland, Manon (2016). "The emerging role of GATA transcription factors in development and disease". Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. 18. doi:10.1017/erm.2016.2. ISSN 1462-3994.

^ Chen, Yongheng; Bates, Darren L.; Dey, Raja; Chen, Po-Han; Machado, Ana Carolina Dantas; Laird-Offringa, Ite A.; Rohs, Remo; Chen, Lin (2012-11). "DNA Binding by GATA Transcription Factor Suggests Mechanisms of DNA Looping and Long-Range Gene Regulation". Cell Reports. 2 (5): 1197–1206. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.10.012. ISSN 2211-1247. PMC 3978094. PMID 23142663. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |first2= at position 7 (help); no-break space character in |first5= at position 4 (help); no-break space character in |first6= at position 4 (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

^ Lowry, Jason A.; Atchley, William R. (2000-02). "Molecular Evolution of the GATA Family of Transcription Factors: Conservation Within the DNA-Binding Domain". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 50 (2): 103–115. doi:10.1007/s002399910012. ISSN 0022-2844. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[1] Lentjes, Marjolein HFM; Niessen, Hanneke EC; Akiyama, Yoshimitsu; de Bruïne, Adriaan P; Melotte, Veerle; van Engeland, Manon (2016). "The emerging role of GATA transcription factors in development and disease". Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine. 18. doi:10.1017/erm.2016.2. ISSN 1462-3994.

[2] Chen, Yongheng; Bates, Darren L.; Dey, Raja; Chen, Po-Han; Machado, Ana Carolina Dantas; Laird-Offringa, Ite A.; Rohs, Remo; Chen, Lin (2012-11). "DNA Binding by GATA Transcription Factor Suggests Mechanisms of DNA Looping and Long-Range Gene Regulation". Cell Reports. 2 (5): 1197–1206. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.10.012. ISSN 2211-1247. PMC 3978094. PMID 23142663. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); no-break space character in |first2= at position 7 (help); no-break space character in |first5= at position 4 (help); no-break space character in |first6= at position 4 (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[3] Lowry, Jason A.; Atchley, William R. (2000-02). "Molecular Evolution of the GATA Family of Transcription Factors: Conservation Within the DNA-Binding Domain". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 50 (2): 103–115. doi:10.1007/s002399910012. ISSN 0022-2844. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

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