^ abcdefghijRuppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Annelida". Invertebrate Zoology (7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. p. 459. ISBN0030259827.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcdefghijRuppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Annelida". Invertebrate Zoology (7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp. 414–420. ISBN0030259827.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcdeRouse, G. (1998). "The Annelida and their close relatives". In Anderson, D.T. (ed.). Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. pp. 179–183. ISBN0195513681.
^ abHinde, R.T. (1998). "The Cnidaria and Ctenophora". In Anderson, D.T. (ed.). Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–47. ISBN0195513681.
^Hinde, R.T. (1998). "The Cnidaria and Ctenophora". In Anderson, D.T. (ed.). Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press. pp. 48–57. ISBN0195513681.
^Giere, O. (2009). "Tentaculata". Meiobenthology (2 ed.). Springer Verlag. p. 227. ISBN9783540686576. Retrieved 2009-07-07. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
^Eldredge, N., and Gould , S.J. "Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism.". In Schopf, T.J.M. (ed.). Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco, CA.: Freeman, Cooper & Co. pp. 82–115.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Yuan, Xunlai; Xiao, Shuhai; Parsley, Ronald L.; Zhou, Chuanming; Chen, Zhe; Hu, Jie (2002). "Towering sponges in an Early Cambrian Lagerstätte: Disparity between nonbilaterian and bilaterian epifaunal tierers at the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian transition". Geology. 30 (4): 363–366. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0363:TSIAEC>2.0.CO;2. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^Lydeard, Charles; Cowie, Robert H.; Ponder, Winston F.; Bogan, Arthur E.; Bouchet, Philippe; Clark, Stephanie A.; Cummings, Kevin S.; Frest, Terrence J.; Gargominy, Olivier; Herbert, DAI G.; Hershler, Robert; Perez, Kathryn E.; Roth, Barry; Seddon, Mary; Strong, Ellen E.; Thompson, Fred G. (April 2004). "The global decline of nonmarine mollusks"(PDF). BioScience. 54 (4): 321–330. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 20 Oct 2009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^Shigeno, S; Sasaki, T; Moritaki, T; Kasugai, T; Vecchione, M; Agata, K (Jan 2008). "Evolution of the cephalopod head complex by assembly of multiple molluscan body parts: Evidence from Nautilus embryonic development". Journal of Morphology. 269 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1002/jmor.10564. PMID17654542.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Halanych, K. M.; Dahlgren, T. G.; McHugh, D. (2002). "Unsegmented Annelids? Possible Origins of Four Lophotrochozoan Worm Taxa". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42 (3): 678–684. doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.678. PMID21708764.
^Jenner, R.A. (2006). "Challenging received wisdoms: Some contributions of the new microscopy to the new animal phylogeny". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (2): 93–103. doi:10.1093/icb/icj014. PMID21672726.
^Scaps, P. (February 2002). "A review of the biology, ecology and potential use of the common ragworm Hediste diversicolor". Hydrobiologia. 470 (1–3): 203–218. doi:10.1023/A:1015681605656.
^Dzik, J. (2004). "Anatomy and relationships of the Early Cambrian worm Myoscolex". Zoologica Scripta. 33 (1): 57–69. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2004.00136.x.
^Lin, J. P.; Gon, S. M.; Gehling, J. G.; Babcock, L. E.; Zhao, Y. L.; Zhang, X. L.; Hu, S. X.; Yuan, J. L.; Yu, M. Y.; Peng, J. (2006). "A Parvancorina-like arthropod from the Cambrian of South China". Historical Biology. 18 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1080/08912960500508689.
Cloud, P.E. (1948). "Some problems and patterns of evolution exemplified by fossil invertebrates". Evolution. 2 (4): 322–350. doi:10.2307/2405523. JSTOR2405523. PMID18122310.
Cloud, P.E. (1968). "Pre-metazoan evolution and the origins of the Metazoa.". In Drake, E.T. (ed.). Evolution and Environment. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. pp. 1–72.
Jenner, R.A. (2006). "Challenging received wisdoms: Some contributions of the new microscopy to the new animal phylogeny". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 46 (2): 93–103. doi:10.1093/icb/icj014. PMID21672726.
Dzik, J. (2004). "Anatomy and relationships of the Early Cambrian worm Myoscolex". Zoologica Scripta. 33 (1): 57–69. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2004.00136.x.