User:Piledhigheranddeeper/sandbox

AS THIS IS MY SANDBOX, PLEASE DO NOT ADD, REMOVE, OR OTHERWISE MESS WITH IT WITHOUT MY EXPLICIT PERMISSION!! 2

Reviews

 + STAG LINE. By Graeme and Sarah Lorimer. 302 pp. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $2.

 + By BEATRICE SHERMAN, The New York Times, April 29, 1934, Page BR18, 

 + [ DISPLAYING ABSTRACT ]

 + MAUDIE MASON is an amusing young person of 17 who made her first appearance in "Men Are Like Street Cars." Still in her refreshing sub-deb years, she continues a "supreme" account of her thrilling adventures in the nine stories of "Stag Line."

 + [end]

 +  
 + KIRKUS REVIEW – the “Maudie” books

 + New edition at $1.00 each, of the popular ""Maudie"" books, -- Men Are Like Street Cars, Stag Line and Heart Specialist. The perfect sub-deb, of the 1930's -- and at this price a chance for plus sale for young people as well as adults.

 + Pub Date: July 15th, 1938 Publisher: Little, Brown

 + [end] accessed 1025.10.20

 +  
 + KIRKUS REVIEW - HS

 + I always get a lot of fun out of the Maudie stories (most of them have run in the Ladies Home Journal -- and they appear in two books, Men Are Like Street Cars and Stag Line). Maudie is growing up -- the new collection of stories winds up with her debut. They are irrespressible, bubbling over with good humor and a keen appreciation of the mirth and the pathos, the drama and the imaginative qualities of the sub deb, 1935 edition. And what an ear for the lingo they have. Ask your young fry what they think of them. Schedule for a double market -- high school age and adult over the border.

 +  
 + KIRKUS REVIEW - FLF

 + Maudie is 18 plus, and intent on the "boy meet -- and keep -- girl" motive. She has her adventures, with the love of her youth, with faithful Davy getting out of line, with Bermuda offering its lure of romance, with the Sunday School superintendent who delivers her into the hands of a class of twelve year olds, there is a famous explorer -- and so on and on. Here's Maudie growing up, still irrepressibly managing other people's lives. The chatter is still young -- funny in its own way; Maudie is still the gamine. Pleasant is the word for Maudie.

 +  
 + KIRKUS REVIEW - FLF

 + Maudie is 18 now, and here's the story of her growing up, still irrepressibly managing other people's lives, and still the gamine. Pleasant entertainment, and another of those books about adolescence which demand a sense of proportion on the part of the young people who read them.

 + Pub Date: Oct. 23rd, 1940

 + Publisher: Little, Brown

 +  
 + “Irving Nurick wraparound dustjacket art. Uncommon romance novel of eighteen year old Maudie, "the irrepressible fixer-upper, and mixer-upper who moves through the younger set with the fine serenity of a Kansas cyclone. [She] dabbles in politics and in the movies, upsets the visiting English tennis team, bucks the Navy system at Annapolis, pulls her sister's marriage out of the fire, engages herself to an ambitious doctor (greatly to the consternation of that young man) and finally, at the very apex of her career, makes her formal bow to society".” - See more at: http://www.yesterdaysgallery.com/pages/books/19628/graeme-and-sarah-lorimer/heart-specialist#sthash.cAlKt5Tn.dpuf

References

 +  
 + GHLFP: George Horace Lorimer family papers, Hargrett Rare Book & Manuscript Library, University of Georgia; accessed 2015.09.12.

 +  
 + BB: Max Wylie, ed., Best Broadcasts of 1940-41, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1942. [part of it: http://paulrhymer.net/etext/bestbroadcasts1940-41.pdf]

 +  
 + RR: Jack French, “Mary Mason, Star of Maudie’s Diary”, Radio Recall, Metropolitan Washington Old Time Radio Club, October 2008; accessed 2015.09.11.

 +  
 + OTRR: Jack French, “[http://www.otrr.org/FILES/Times_Archive_pdf/2007_12Dec.pdf Maudie’s Diary”, Old Radio Times, December 2007; accessed 2015.10.20.

 +  
 + L: “Subdebese: America’s Teen-Age Girls Speak Language of Their Own That Is Too Divinely Super”, Life, Jan. 27, 1941, p. 78

 +  
 + MD: “Maudie's Diary”, In Celebration of the Life and Legacy of Robert Walker; accessed 2015.09.11.

 +  
 + MJ: Vesta Kelling, “Slangsters of Subdebese Put Their Maudie On Air: ‘You Reprobate’ Is Not Criticism, It Is Really ‘Pouring On the Roses’”, The Milwaukee Journal, Sep. 12, 1941, “Green Sheet” p. 1

 +  
 + OTA: John Dunning, On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, Oxford University Press, 1998; Maudie’s Diary: pp. 442-43.

 +  
 + Geni: Michael M. van Beuren.  “Sarah M. Lorimer (Moss)”; accessed 2015.09.12.

 +  
 + PB: Kristin Sergel, Maudie and the Opposite Sex: from the Maudie Stories by Graeme and Sarah Lorimer, 1958.

 +  
 + MALS: Graeme and Sarah Lorimer, Men Are Like Street Cars Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1934.

 +  
 + SL: Graeme and Sarah Lorimer, Stag Line, Little, Brown, and Company, Boston, 1934.

 +  
 + HS: Graeme and Sarah Lorimer, Heart Specialist, Little, Brown, and Company, Boston, 1935.

 +  
 + FLF: Graeme and Sarah Lorimer, First Love Farewell, Little, Brown, and Company, Boston, 1940.

 +  
 +  
 +  
 +  
 + Cited in Alexandra M. Lord, Condom Nation: The U.S. Government’s Sex Education Campaign from World War I to the Internet, (Chap. 3, “Battling the Mad Dog, 1927-1940”), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2010. {cites SL p. 7 and FLF p. 74}

 +  

Johann Wilhelm von Archenholz claimed in 1791 that the lists were published by "a tavern-keeper, in Drury lane", and that "eight thousand copies are sold annually." Although their court action spelled the end for Harris's List, despite the best efforts of the Proclamation Society (later the Society for the Suppression of Vice), the publication of pornography continued apace; more pornographic material was published during the Victorian era than at any time previously.

References

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

• Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm (1791), A picture of England, Dublin: P. Byrne
• Arnold, Catharine (2010), City of Sin, London: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-1-84737-351-9
• Bleackley, Horace (1909), Ladies fair and frail, sketches of the demi-monde during the eighteenth century, London, New York: J. Lane, J. Lane company

List of Coups d'etat in Africa

(ahem)

Yum!...but do you have anything darker? P-h&d

10+

This user has made over 10 contributions to Wikipedia and knows this is a meaningless statistic.

This user is bold, but not reckless, in updating pages.

PhDThis user has a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Biological hermeneutics.

Hardwick and Woodbury Railroad

Hardwick and Woodbury Railroad

Hardwick & Woodbury locomotive No. 3 pulls a quarry train, as depicted on a contemporary postcard.
Overview
Headquarters	Hardwick, Vermont
Locale	Vermont
Dates of operation	1897–1934
Successor	(abandoned)
Technical
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Length	9 miles (14 kilometres) mainline, including leased track

The Hardwick and Woodbury Railroad (H&WRR, or H&W) was a short-line railroad serving the towns of Hardwick and Woodbury, Vermont. Built to serve the local granite industry by bringing rough stone from the quarries to the cutting-houses, the railroad was about 7 miles (11 km) long, plus leased track, extended to about 11 miles (18 km) at its greatest extent. It connected with only one other railroad, the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain, in Hardwick.

The business arc of the Hardwick & Woodbury was typical of most short line, single-industry railroads. Built as an industrial road in 1895-97, the line never grew beyond the granite industry, and its fortunes largely followed those of the Woodbury Granite Company, its principal customer and plurality shareholder. With the slump in demand for architectural granite, and especially large stones, caused by changes in building construction techniques and then the Great Depression, the railroad ceased operations and abandoned its track in 1934. The rails were removed in 1940, and little trace remains of the railroad today.

Background

The Green Mountains of Vermont have long been known for the quantity and quality of their granite and marble, but transportation problems, combined with difficulties in carving the hard stone (in the case of granite), largely prevented the development of a cut stone industry in northern Vermont until the middle of the 19th century, when some marble quarries were opened in the Hardwick area. The first “granite shed” was built in Hardwick in 1870. Granite quarries were opened on Robeson Mountain (Vermont’s largest deposit of building granite) in nearby Woodbury in the 1870s, but transportation limitations prevented much development of the industry.

A team of twenty horses and oxen hauling granite on the main street of Hardwick Village, c. 1895. Such traffic caused ongoing damage to the village streets and led to the building of the quarry railroad.

The construction of the Portland and Ogdensburg Railway (later the St. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad, or St.J.&L.C.) to Hardwick (in 1872) made it possible to ship northern Vermont stone in quantity to the outside world and facilitated the growth of the local granite industry. Hardwick became a granite-cutting center, although it had limited granite of its own. By 1890, there were a dozen sheds finishing granite in the town. Rough-cut granite was brought from the quarries to and through the town in heavy horse-drawn wagons, which caused congestion and damaged roads and bridges. In 1892, after considerable pressure from both civic leaders and quarry owners, the railroad built a spur, the Hardwick Branch (also known as the Quarry Railroad), from Granite Junction (near the western edge of Hardwick village) to Buffalo Crossing, by the southern fringe of the village, which took granite wagons off the central village’s streets. It also concentrated the granite industry, over time, along the Hardwick Branch, in five clumps: Lower Wolcott St., West End, Woodbury Granite Co., E.R. Fletcher Granite Co., and Buffalo Crossing.

Apparently as a result of the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893, granite became a very popular building material for commercial and government buildings. While the finer-grained granite of Barre was preferred for monuments and gravestones, the coarser-grained Woodbury stone found a market in “architectural” uses such as buildings and paving. As demand grew, the granite-finishing operations in Hardwick began to look farther afield for sources of the raw stone. While some quarries had been opened in nearby Woodbury, transportation of the stone to the finishing sheds was problematic: it was slow and difficult, and caused significant damage to the roads. It became apparent that the limitations of horse-drawn wagons would prevent much further growth in the local industry. Ordinarily, a horse was needed for every ton of granite hauled by wagon. It was reported that it once took an 18-horse team three days to move a large column of rough granite from the quarry to Hardwick (a distance of 6 miles (9.7 km) or more, depending on the route), after which 20 road culverts needed to be rebuilt. Such a team might be followed by a one-horse wagon loaded with axes, shovels, peavies, and other tools to repair the damage. Transportation was somewhat easier in the winter, as the frozen ground would not give way, and snow allowed the use of sleds, which encountered less friction.

The incorporation of the Village of Hardwick in 1891 and the new government’s interest in improving the community’s infrastructure, including its streets, intensified the interest in an alternative means of transportation for the granite. Meanwhile, the Village’s establishment of piped water, a fire department, and an electric department allowed for further growth of industry. The opening of a rail link to the competing Barre quarries raised the spectre of the local industry’s being out-competed. The St.J.&L.C. was asked to extend the Hardwick Branch to the Woodbury quarries but, already in a weak financial condition and facing unfavorable economic conditions, declined.

Incorporation and construction

Faced with lack of interest from other quarters, the quarry owners decided to build their own railroad. The Hardwick and Woodbury Railroad Company was chartered (“for the purpose, and with the right, of building a railroad . . . from some point on the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain R.R. in the town of Hardwick to the mountain quarry of the Woodbury Granite Company in the town of Woodbury” ) by an act of the state legislature November 23, 1894, with the stipulation that construction must begin within two years, and be completed in five. The company’s charter permitted the railroad to cease operations during December, January, February, and March, although this did not happen. The corporation’s initial capital was set at $50,000, with an option to increase the amount “if necessary.” The charter further authorized the towns of Hardwick, Woodbury, Cabot, and Marshfield to issue bonds to buy stock in the railroad. In 1895, Hardwick voted three times against purchasing stock, amid sentiment that the railroad would primarily benefit the quarry owners. Woodbury also voted not to purchase railroad stock, likely because the town had already had granted Ernest Fletcher, owner of the town’s first quarry, a substantial tax abatement to build a cutting plant in Woodbury. The larger local granite companies and many of their officers bought stock, as did a number of townspeople. By 1902, the Fletcher Granite Co. owned one-third of the railroad’s stock. The new company held its first regular meeting in March 1895.

The rented Hinckley locomotive pushes a track-laying train toward Burnham Hill.

As the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain Railroad had already constructed about 1.7 miles (2.7 km) of track to serve the granite sheds on the west side of Hardwick, construction of the new railroad began at the end of that spur, which was leased from the St.J.&L.C. for one dollar a year. The St.J.&L.C. also provided 56-pound (per yard, or 27.8 kg/m) rails, spikes, and ties for the new company to begin construction of its main line. The H&W turned to another regional railroad, the Boston & Maine, to rent some flat cars and B&M locomotive No. 250—a 4-4-0 Hinckley. A wooden derrick and rail header (track-laying crane) were built on a flat car borrowed from the B&M (see photo). This arrangement allowed two rails to be laid every nine minutes.

The roadbed was surveyed in the summer of 1895. As local labor was used as much as possible, the actual work of grading the roadbed was delayed until the haying season was over. Much of the roadbed was cut from the sides of the hills, and grading was done with hand tools, wheelbarrows, and horse-drawn carts. Five miles of roadbed were graded in 1895, and the remainder was graded in the summer of 1896. Grading work came to a halt when the ground froze, and the first rails were laid thereafter. Wooden trestles were built to span gorges along the right of way. In a process that continued until 1904, the trestles were subsequently replaced with “grout” or waste stone, which was used to fill the ravines. The fill was “fine” grout from the cutting sheds, as large blocks falling could have destroyed the trestle structures. The largest—and last filled—of the gorges took 6,600 carloads of grout. Varnum & Gilfillan, a St. Johnsbury-based contracting concern, was hired for trestle filling and culvert construction. This company brought Italian immigrant labor from Boston, preferring this source to the less-reliable local farmers who often left to tend their farms. These newcomers, who drank wine and beer, caused some consternation among the sober townspeople, but they did not cause much actual trouble. A number of them stayed and worked in the granite finishing shops, becoming pillars of the community.

The Hardwick & Woodbury inset on a map of the railroads of northeastern Vermont, c. 1920.

Five miles of new track was constructed to a point known as Burnham Hill in Woodbury by 1896. Unfortunately, the rented B&M engine had reached the end of its usefulness, and money ran short. Work wound down until the new owners of the Woodbury Granite Co. (John S. Holden and Charles W. Leonard) bought enough stock in the railroad to become its principal (although not majority) shareholders and a Lima Locomotive Works Shay, bought from the Barre & Chelsea Railroad, arrived in mid-1897. The new locomotive was in poor condition, and required some re-working to get it serviceable. It was given the number “1” and re-named “E. H. Blossom” in honor of the H&W’s General Manager.

The last few miles of track were difficult to build, as they ascended Robeson Mountain to the quarries through a series of switchbacks and tight turns, keeping the grade of the track at a maximum of 7%. The average grade of the last two miles was 5%. The end of the line was the highest point reached by any railroad in Vermont at the time, 1,740 feet (530 m) at the Fletcher quarry, about 1,000 feet (300 m) above the railroad’s origin in Hardwick.

Construction of the main line was completed to the Woodbury quarry around October 1, 1897. The total cost of construction was reported to be $50,691.69 (equivalent to $1,856,532 in 2023). There were 16 miles (26 km) of track in total (counting the leased span), only 9 of which could be called main line. Originally, there was no way to turn around a locomotive on the entire line: a crew would need to travel over the St.J.&L.C. track to Morrisville to use the turntable there. A wye was built at Foster’s Summit, and later another wye was installed near the H&W engine house in Hardwick. There were originally thirteen listed “stations” along the main line, but not a single company-owned building on the entire route. Despite the railroad’s name, the track did not extend to Woodbury village.

The directors of the railroad promised equal treatment of all granite companies and free construction of siding tracks during 1897. Soon, branches extended to the “Blue” and “White” quarries of the Woodbury Granite Company and the Fletcher quarry. Woodbury’s “Gray” quarry atop Robeson Mountain was the end of the main line. The larger quarries were served by multiple sidings; the Gray quarry had at least six, but these were removed and rebuilt as convenient to serve the quarrying areas. At the other end of the line, in Hardwick, sidings extended to the granite sheds; no less than seven sidings served the Woodbury Granite Co.’s facilities. The railroad’s “yard” comprised all of the track—main line and sidings—between Buffalo Crossing and Granite Junction. The yard was sometimes called Woodbury Station.

The finished railroad had 43 curves with a maximum curve of 21 degrees. Stub switches were used throughout. The two main-line switchbacks were dubbed the Thomas and Fletcher switchbacks. There were nine unprotected grade crossings of roads. Although the State Railroad Commissioners were critical of the condition of the railroad, particularly its safety features, in their 1899 inspection report, it was allowed to operate because it was designed and intended to be a low-speed freight handler. Despite official concerns, the railroad was a relatively safe one: there were no train collisions, and its injury and fatality record was better than the Vermont statewide average. However, the railroad’s use of link-and-pin couplers meant that the brakemen had the most dangerous job on the railroad, and several were killed or injured. The first operational fatality was in 1901 (another had occurred during construction). In July 1904, three flatcars, loaded with grout, ran down the mountain, crashing into the engine house and wrecking Locomotive No. 2, a flatcar, and the engine house; this appeared to be the work of vandals who released the cars’ brakes. Derailments were a frequent occurrence on quarry, mine, and timber railroads because of the light rails, sharp curves, and scanty ballasting often used in their construction; the H&W saw multiple derailments. Rerailer frogs, essentially ramps to get a derailed car’s wheels back on the track, were always carried on the locomotives.

With the completion of the railroad, the quarries developed rapidly. Additional granite-finishing facilities were built around the Hardwick end of the railroad and the local granite industry became concentrated there. Hardwick became an important granite center and its population mushroomed; town boosters proclaimed it to be the “building granite capital of the world.”

Operations

Unsurprisingly for a railroad built for an industrial purpose, the H&W’s business was dominated by freight. Passenger revenue was less than 1% of freight revenue. In 1899, the railroad carried only 712 paying passengers; by 1906, this was down to 448, accounting for just $111 in revenue. Freight, in turn, was dominated by granite: in 1898-99, granite accounted for 99.37% of the total freight transported. Small amounts of lumber, merchandise, household goods, coal, and “miscellaneous items” accounted for the rest of the freight. The freight tariff for ca. 1896-1899 was about 6 cents per ton-mile, so shipping cost only about 4% of the value of the stone: the quarry owners’ bet was a good one.

The quarry-village railroad connection allowed quarry workers living in the village to commute to work. Monday through Saturday the train left Hardwick at 6:15 a.m. and returned from the quarries at 5 p.m. A 50-ride ticket cost $5. Some sightseers were attracted by the scenic route. Summer outings were sponsored by one or more of the granite companies and included quarry visits, baseball games, and picnics.

A 60,000-pound (27,000 kg) block of granite aboard a flat car.

Built quickly and cheaply, and for heavy freight, the railroad was relatively expensive to run, as the heavy cargo tended to overpower the light construction. Frequent maintenance and repair work were needed; repairs and tie replacement accounted for about one-third of the railroad’s expenses. Sagging and loose rails were a constant problem, and the track needed to be ballasted every year from 1903. Locomotives were repaired by an engineer in the engine house in Hardwick, while car repairs were performed at the car repair shop at Buffalo Crossing.

Although the original directors of the railroad were largely aligned with the Fletcher quarrying interests, the later purchase of stock by the new owners of the Woodbury Granite Co. allowed them to take control of the company. The board of directors was controlled by directors affiliated with the Woodbury company in 1902, with only two directors representing other quarrying interests. By 1908, those two had left the board and the company was firmly in the control of the WGC. The railroad’s growth was largely driven by the success and growth of the WGC, particularly once that company won the contract for the granite for the Pennsylvania State Capitol in 1903. The 30-foot columns specified in the contract could not have been transported practically without a railroad.

The railroad's first snowplow was a primitive contraption.

The railroad company’s charter allowed it to suspend service in the winter, and the front page of the local freight tariff always included a notice that carriage was “subject to the right to suspend operations upon statutory notice” from December through March. However, the railroad did not close for the winter throughout its operation although there were some shorter closures late in its existence. As a result, snow was a significant issue for the railroad, which dealt with this challenge using both a home-built snow flanger mounted on a single truck and secondhand snow plows. The first snowplow was built by the railroad’s first engineer; it had to be removed and attached to the other end of the locomotive at each switchback. Around 1900, this plow was replaced with a plow obtained from a timber railroad. This proved unsatisfactory, and a second-hand plow was bought from the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain when that railroad obtained a new one. This third plow served the H&W for the rest of its existence. For lighter snowfalls, the railroad had a "flanger", designed by a conductor and built in Lyndonville. It was built on a single long truck and was quite effective.

The railroad's custom-built flanger was used to clear the track after light snowfalls.

The railroad’s busiest years were 1906 through 1916,, and its revenue peaked (at approximately $65,000) in 1913. At the height of its operations, it had about 30 employees, including two train crews, one based at each end of the line. As might be expected from a small workforce, the employees performed many duties that did not align with their positions on the payroll. In 1916, the railroad was reported to have 3 steam locomotives, 54 freight cars, and one caboose. Limited by the switchbacks, train length averaged ten to fifteen cars in the busy years; the largest train was reported to have been 22 cars long. The largest single load carried was a 61-ton stone from the “White” quarry of the WGC. The railroad’s earnings varied widely with the demand for granite, but on at least one occasion the profits were sufficient to justify paying a 6% dividend on common stock and 12% on preferred.

Railroad operations were of three varieties: main line hauling, quarry switching, and yard switching. Main line hauling involved running trains up and down the mountain, bringing supplies up, and stone down. Quarry switching was moving loaded and empty cars among the sidings at the quarries, and composing them into trains. Yard switching involved moving cars to, from, and within the yard, and especially the finishing sheds, assembling trains, and exchanging cars with the St.J.&L.C. at Granite Junction. The company had two train crews, a main line crew and a yard crew. The main line crew performed the quarry switching as well as the runs up and down the mountain, and consisted of a conductor, engineer, fireman, and two brakemen (one at each end of the train). This crew typically made two round trips a day between the quarries and Hardwick.

The locomotive was always placed at the downhill end of the train, where its braking power could be used to slow the whole train. Flat cars had manual brakes, which would be set and released by the brakemen on orders from the engineer. The Shay locomotives used considerable amounts of water, which could be replenished at three points along the route: the stream by Buffalo Crossing, a low spot between Burnham Hill and Foster Summit, and a tank at the quarries.

The yard area around Buffalo Crossing had such facilities as a coal pit, a car repair shop, a sawmill and electric power plant. A coal trestle served both the power plant and the locomotives, which remained below the trestle on a loading siding, allowing their tenders to be loaded with coal from the coal cars above using gravity. Locomotives were repaired in the engine house in the West End. Other facilities included a track scale, which allowed car weights—and thus shipping charges—to be calculated.

Decline

The business arc of the Hardwick & Woodbury was typical of most short line, single-industry railroads. The H&W was built to transport rough granite, and never had another industry of significance along its tracks. As a result, the railroad’s fortunes were inextricably tied to those of the granite industry, particularly its dominant local operator, the Woodbury Granite Company. It is possible that the decline of both companies began with the sudden death of George H. Bickford, treasurer of the railroad and secretary-treasurer (later general manager) of the granite company, in 1914. During World War I, granite was a low priority, and new granite-working equipment was difficult or impossible to obtain, leaving companies to make do with old equipment. A shift to concrete and steel-frame construction (which used granite only for façades) after the war led to a decline in the market for architectural granite. As demand for the sole product slumped, so did the fortunes of the railroad. Improved roads allowed for transportation by truck, and the smaller pieces of granite that were increasingly becoming the industry norm did not require railroads to move them. The railroad suffered years of diminishing traffic and cutbacks. The number of trains declined to one per week, and the workforce was cut until only three employees were left.

As the railroad declined, the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain Railroad assumed responsibility for operations and the remaining employees in 1925. The company was re-organized in 1926, with W.C. Clifford as its president. By the next year, many repairs of equipment and track had taken place, and plans were made to replace some of the old cars. In addition, the railroad made quarry owners responsible for the cost of maintenance of their sidings. Also in 1927, the WGC was reorganized with the same president. However, the Great Flood of 1927 caused extensive track damage, disrupting traffic for more than a month. Service was restored with a loan from the state to the parent railroad. The years 1930-31 saw 11 local quarries go out of business. Operation of the railroad by the St.J.&L.C. continued until abandonment of the line south of Buffalo Crossing was approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission in October of 1934. The abandonment was immediate, being completed on October 17. The Woodbury Granite Company ceased operations the next year and sold its assets.

When the H&W ceased operations it owed the St.J.&L.C. a substantial debt. The St.J.&L.C. resumed control of the spur that had been leased to the H&W, which remained in service as long as there was a need to ship granite by rail. The rails south of Buffalo Crossing were removed in August 1940 No buyers could be found for the remaining locomotives, so they were scrapped, along with some 40 flat cars, the rails, and some other equipment. Just one flat car was taken by the St.J.&L.C. The proceeds from the scrapping were used to repay the SJ&LC Company records were largely thrown away.

The last remaining portion of track, the spur built by the St. Johnsbury & Lake Champlain (and then known as the Hardwick and Woodbury Connecting Track), was formally abandoned in 2004 by the Lamoille Valley Railroad Company, successor to the St.J.&L.C., although it had not been used for some years. The line was railbanked, but is not included in the Lamoille Valley Rail Trail.

Rolling stock

Locomotives

Locomotive No. 1, the "E.H. Blossom".

The railroad’s first locomotive was the 4-4-0 Hinkley rod locomotive it leased from the Boston & Maine. When this engine outlived its usefulness (largely because it could not ascend the steeper grades beyond Burnam Hill), the company bought a Shay locomotive (whose gear drive enabled it to handle steeper track) from the Barre & Chelsea. This was given the number 1 and named E.H. Blossom for the railroad’s general manager. It had two trucks and eight 32.5-inch (82.5 cm) drive wheels, and weighed 40 tons. This locomotive was used for the rest of the construction of the line, and then was the railroad's only service locomotive for several years.

Locomotive No. 2, the "John S. Holden".

Locomotive No. 2, also a Shay, was purchased in February 1901; it was completed 1902 and named John S. Holden for the president of the railroad. A larger and heavier machine than its predecessor, it enabled the railroad to run longer trains from the quarries to the finishing sheds. It had three trucks with twelve 32-inch (81.3 cm) drive wheels and weighed 46 tons. A third locomotive was purchased in 1906 and delivered in January 1909 It was first named Charles W. Leonard (vice-president of the railroad), then George H. Bickford (the railroad’s treasurer and son-in-law of John Holden), and finally Charles A. Hubbard (an engineer). Larger than either of the others, with three trucks and twelve 36-inch (91.4 cm) drive wheels, No. 3 weighed 52 tons. Although the railroad owned three locomotives from 1909 to 1917, it employed only two engineers and two firemen, so it is likely that Engine No. 1 was kept as a spare. A photograph of Locomotive No. 3 hauling a train loaded with stone was printed on post cards of the time

Cars and cabooses

The railroad bought 38 flatcars in 1904, after the Woodbury Granite Company secured its first large contract, for the Pennsylvania State Capitol. By 1909, the line had rolling stock of about 50 cars, including flatcars, hopper cars, dump cars, a well car, a snowplow, a flanger, and three flat cars equipped with passenger benches. It borrowed two passenger coaches for special outings. In 1914, it was reported to have 57 flatcars alone. The 24-foot (7.3 m) long flatcars could carry 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg), while the 36-foot (11 m) cars had a 60,000 pounds (27,000 kg) capacity. These cars, largely purchased from other railroads, weighed 10 to 15 tons each and had mechanical brakes, limiting their use to the H&W, as the federal Railroad Safety Appliance Act, which required such equipment as air brakes and automatic couplers after 1900, applied only to interstate commerce. Larger flatcars (up to 80,000 pounds) and the well car, with air brakes and automatic couplers, could be used for interstate traffic and on other Vermont railroads. Hopper or gondola cars were used to transport such small-sized materials as crushed stone, paving block, and coal. Side-dumping grout cars were used to fill ravines and for dumping grout into piles; the dump mechanisms were operated with compressed air, eliminating the need for one crewman.

Caboose No. 1, the "bobber".

The railroad’s first caboose was known as a “bobber”, as its two axles caused it to bob and sway on the uneven track. Other, larger cabooses followed. The train crew had quarters in the caboose. Although some records indicate that the railroad owned two passenger coaches, these are believed to be inaccurate, as too few passengers were carried to justify owning multiple passenger cars, although coaches were rented or borrowed from the St.J.&L.C. for special excursions. At other times, passenger benches were fitted on flatcars for fair-weather excursions. Passengers were likely carried in the cabooses on most occasions.

The well car designed by Edward Blossom, carrying a large crated slab of granite.

The general manager of the H&W, Edward H. Blossom, designed a special car for shipping large granite blocks. As reported by the Railroad Gazette in 1899, it was built by the Laconia Car Company of New Hampshire to carry slabs of stone 13 × 17 feet (4 × 5.2 m), 18 inches (460 mm) thick, weighing 20 tons. The car had a 36-foot (11 m) platform and a 20 × 4 foot (6 × 1.2 m) “cradle” or “well” in the center. On each side of this opening ran three long timbers, one above the next. Each stack of timbers was held together—and to the platform of the car—by six vertical rods, which descended to eight inches (20 cm) above the heads of the rails. Each pair of these rods supported an oak bar, 4 × 6 inches (10 × 15 cm), running the width of the car. These six oak pieces were trussed together to form the floor of the well, which supported the granite slab on its edge, its upper part braced on each side by seven timbers (see photo), whose lower ends were fastened to the floor. On March 26, 1901, Blossom was granted U.S. patent No. 670,529 for this car, specifically its well bottom and adjustable support rods. The first finished stone shipped on this car was for a mausoleum in Chicago, and it seems likely that the car was designed with that sort of shipments in mind. This design was widely copied.

Legacy

Much of the railroad's right of way is now a trail through second-growth woodland.

A rendering of the postcard photograph of Locomotive No. 3 pulling the "quarry train" appears on this stock certificate.

The abandonment and removal of the railroad's track left a trail through the hillside pastures, which have reverted to woods. A portion of the roadbed leading to the quarries is now Fletcher Quarry Road and Quarry Road in Woodbury, serving the one Robeson Mountain quarry still in operation. Decades after the abandonment, some of the right-of-way, from near Buffalo Crossing to the Woodbury Town Forest, found a new use as the Hardwick-Woodbury Rail Trail (also known as the Hardwick-Woodbury Recreation Trail).

The postcard photograph of Locomotive No. 3 pulling a trainload of granite blocks saw continued life in other forms. The picture became something of a "stock photo" in the 1920s and was reproduced—typically without attribution—far from Vermont. This included such circumstances as stock certificates of, for example, the Virginia Alberene Corporation (see photo), which used a short-line industrial railroad to move blocks of soapstone.

A railroad modeler based a quarry railroad layout on the Hardwick & Woodbury. He particularly noted the railroad's use of "three Shays for motive power." The E.H. Blossom well-deck car has also been modeled.

The small size of the railroad led to a number of jokes about it. As early as 1902, W.H. Fullerton, a director of the H&W, contacted a counterpart at the New York Central Railroad to propose that they exchange free-travel passes on one another’s railroads. Facing a rebuttal, he allowed that the Hardwick & Woodbury might not be as long as the mighty New York Central but, he maintained, it was “just as wide.” The story has been re-told in the Woodbury and Hardwick area for decades.

References

Notes

Sources