User:Pineapplesuitcase/sandbox/Mandarin Analysis Page 2, zhuyin style

Alternative analyses

Some linguists prefer to reduce the number of vowel phonemes further (at the expense of including underlying glides in their systems). Edwin G. Pulleyblank has proposed a system which includes underlying glides, but no vowels at all. More common are systems with two vowels; for example, in Mantaro Hashimoto's system, there are just two vowel nuclei, /ə, a/, which may be preceded by a glide /j, w, ɥ/, and may be followed by a coda /i, u, n, ŋ/ (additional sequences are afforded by the rhotic coda /ɚ̯/; see Erhua). The various combinations of glide, vowel, and coda have different surface manifestations, as shown in the table below. Any of the three positions may be empty, i.e. occupied by a null meta-phoneme ∅; for example, the high vowels [i, u, y] are analyzed as glide + ∅, and the empty rime, i.e. the syllabic consonant [ɹ̩~ɻ̩] or the vowel [ɨ], is analyzed as having all three values null, e.g. si [sɹ̩] is analyzed as an underlying syllabic /s̩/.

Nucleus		∅	/ə/					/a/
Coda			∅	/i/	/u/	/n/	/ŋ/	∅	/i/	/u/	/n/	/ŋ/
Medial	∅	[ɹ̩~ɻ̩] -i	[ɤ, o, e] ㄜ，ㄛ，ㄝ e, o2, ê -e, -o2, -e	[ei̯] ㄟ ei -ei	[ou̯] ㄡ ou -ou	[ən] ㄣ en -en	[əŋ] ㄥ eng -eng	[a] ㄚ a -a	[ai̯] ㄞ ai -ai	[ɑu̯] ㄠ ao -ao	[an] ㄢ an -an	[ɑŋ] ㄤ ang -ang
	/j/	[i] ㄧ yi -i	[je] ㄧㄝ ye -ie		[jou̯] ㄧㄡ you -iu	[in] ㄧㄣ yin -in	[iŋ] ㄧㄥ ying -ing	[ja] ㄧㄚ ya -ia		[jɑu̯] ㄧㄠ yao -iao	[jɛn] ㄧㄢ yan -ian	[jɑŋ] ㄧㄤ yang -iang
	/w/	[u] ㄨ wu -u	[wo] ㄨㄛ wo -uo	[wei̯] ㄨㄟ wei -ui		[wən] ㄨㄣ wen -un	[wəŋ], [ʊŋ] ㄨㄥ weng -ong	[wa] ㄨㄚ wa -ua	[wai̯] ㄨㄞ wai -uai		[wan] ㄨㄢ wan -uan	[wɑŋ] ㄨㄤ wang -uang
	/ɥ/	[y] ㄩ yu -ü1	[ɥe] ㄩㄝ yue -üe1			[yn] ㄩㄣ yun -ün1	[jʊŋ] ㄩㄥ yong -iong				[ɥɛn] ㄩㄢ yuan -üan1

¹ ü is written as u after j, q, or x.

² o is nowadays pronounced [wo] after b, p, m, or f.

This system of phonemes is used in the bopomofo phonetic transcription system commonly used in Taiwan.