Key terms and concepts

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Weeks 1-2

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  • (924 BCE)
  • 722 BCE
  • 587 BCE 
  • 538 BCE
  • Adam and Eve
  • Anno Mundi
  • Apocrypha
  • Assyria
  • Babylon / Babylonia
  • BCE and CE (cp. BC and AD)
  • Canaan
  • canon, canonization
  • Cyrus cylinder
  • Dead Sea
  • Divine council
  • Egypt 
  • Enuma Elish
  • Ezra and Nehemiah
  • Fertile Crescent
  • genealogy
  • (Gilgamesh)
  • Hebrew Bible vs. Old Testament
  • Hebrew (‘ivri) vs. Israelite vs. Jew
  • Israel
  • Israel, Kingdom of
  • Judah, Kingdom of
  • Mesopotamia
  • methods of Biblical critical analysis. Textual criticism. Redaction criticism. 
  • Persia
  • Prophets
  • Qumran
  • redaction
  • sabbath
  • Septuagint
  • (Shishak)
  • Tanakh: Torah, Nevi’im, Ketuvim  = Five Books of Moses, Prophets, Writings
  • Locations, such as modern Egypt, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Jerusalem
  • Timelines:
    • Biblical chronology. When does the narrative take place within the Bible?
    • composition timeline. When was the narrative composed, according to scholars?
    • historical chronology. When does the event take place, if ever, according to historians and archaeologists?

Coogan ch.4

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  • anthropomorphism
  • circumcision
  • cosmology (and cosmogony)
  • covenant
  • Documentary Hypothesis
  • doublet
  • etiology
  • JEDP (see also Documentary Hypothesis)
  • names of God, incl. TetragrammatonElohim, Yahweh
  • Pentateuch
  • Source and form criticism

Coogan ch.5 (pp.59, 61, 62, Box 5.5 Map)

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  • genealogy
  • J source, including human relationship to the soil (examples)
  • J source, boundary between humans and divine is vulnerable and protected by God
  • Table of nations -- three groupings from 3 sons of Noah. Awareness of kinship and "cultural interconnectedness"
  • A map because the descendants are place names
  • Tower of Babel

Coogan ch.6 (pp. 73-79, 89-92)

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  • Biblical names: Abraham, Lot, Sarah, Ishmael, Isaac, Rebekah, Esau, Jacob/Israel, Leah, Rachel, 12 children of Israel
  • Places: Shechem, (Penuel), Moriah --> Temple Mount
  • archaeological image of excavating the levels of the text through form, source, and redaction criticism (74)


  • J source in Genesis
  • promise of land, descendants, and blessing = covenant
  • attitude to other nations, such as Moab
  • social history of "seminomadic pastoralists" (75), hence water/wells & hospitality
  • E source: importance of Shechem and Northern Kingdom
  • etiology p.77, example: Moriah (Gen. 22) --> Temple Mount
  • P source in Genesis: covenant of circumcision (Gen. 17)


  • historicity vs. legends
  • anachronism, example: Ur of Chaldeans as birthplace of Abraham
  • no historical corroboration of any Genesis characters, including kings
  • Mesopotamian cultures, e.g., Nuzi (example of divination teraphim) and Mari (Jacob as May god protect)


  • deity names: Yahweh and Elohim, El Shadday (Exodus 6.2-3), El -- Israelite and Canaanite term
  • pantheon, creator god, shift in names (p.91)
  • monotheism? (vs. monolatry, henotheism)


  • endogamy vs exogamy (p.87)

Coogan ch.7

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  • Aaron
  • Amalek
  • Amarna letters (14th C)
  • Baal
  • Burning bush
  • Exodus
  • God's mountain, different names and why
  • God's names, different and why
  • Horeb
  • Hyksos (106)
  • Merneptah stele (with its date)
  • Midian
  • Moses
  • Moses' father(s)-in-law
  • parsimonious explanation, Occam's razor
  • Passover, different religious formations and why
  • Sinai
  • theophany

Coogan ch.8-9, ch.12-13 selections, and covenant

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  • Abrahamic covenant (i.e., covenant with Abraham)
  • amphictyony (p.62 Mendenhall)
  • Ark of the Covenant (p.135) unifying symbol (228)
  • casuistic vs. apodictic law
  • conditional and unconditional grant
  • covenant, cut a covenant (brit)
  • Code of Hammurapi (p.128, 131)
  • Covenant Code (130ff.)
  • David (King of Israel)
  • Davidic covenant
  • Decalogue
  • Deuteronomist (D source) vs. Deuteronomic historian (DTR)
  • grant (see: royal grant)
  • Hiram
  • Hittite
  • Joshua
  • Josiah
  • manna
  • Mari
  • Mendenhall, George
  • Nuzi
  • parity treaty
  • pilgrimage festivals (Passover, F of Weeks, F of Booths) (p.143)
  • primogeniture
  • promissory (type of covenant, see Weinfeld)
  • Ritual Decalogue
  • Royal grant
  • Solomon (King of Israel, son of David and Bathsheba)
  • suzerainty
  • Tabernacle (p.136)
  • vassal

Coogan 13-15; Trible article

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  • archaeological evidence of the conquest of Canaan (207f.)
  • charismatic leadership (p.217, based on Weber)
  • concubine
  • Coogan's argument on Israelites as composite (227-8)
  • Deuteronomistic History (196-198)
  • apostasy --> exile
  • Josiah, Hezekiah
  • "the place that the Lord Your God will choose" aka Jerusalem
  • Gibeah
  • herem = ban (p.210)
  • hermeneutics
  • intertextual / intertextuality
  • Jephthah and his daughter
  • Joshua vs. Judges (comparison)
    • source criticism of Judges (JBS 496)
  • "judge" in the Book of Judges
  • levirate marriage (p.231, e.g., Ruth)
  • Moabites (220; Ruth)
  • Philistines and the "Sea Peoples" (224, 225; see also 243-4)
  • Ruth, Book of. (230-231)
  • Sanctuary and surgery at Gilgal
  • 1 Samuel
    • inconsistencies (236)
    • sources: birth of Samuel, song of Hannah, Ark narrative, Saul's rise, David's rise
  • Trible, Phyllis

Coogan 16-24 -- small sections

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Ch.16 (252-253)
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1 Samuel = Samuel, Saul to David

2 Samuel = David

  • DTR (exilic, 6th C) and independent units
  • "Succession Narrative" or "Court history of David"

Solomon, Bathsheba

Other sons: Absalom, Adonijah, Amnon (raped Tamar)

Ch. 17 280-288

United Monarchy

1 Kings = Solomon and then the divided kingdom

  • Legends, such as Solomonic judgment story and Queen of Sheba
  • The Temple in Jerusalem
    • Canaanite / Phoenician design (see p.283)

"Royal ideology" of the Davidic monarchy --> God, King, Zion

  • Davidic covenant… put in unconditional terms (281)
  • King chosen by God; rhetoric of God's son
  • shift from Sinai to Zion (282)
    • Zion = Jerusalem
  • Centralization = cultic and political
  • Comparison. Hammurapi, Kirta (Ugaritic)
  • NOT: not about ancestors, Moses, Exodus, Sinai, or ark (286 re: Psalm 89)

Priesthood

  • Zadok (only post facto from Aaron) 285

Deuteronomistic view

  • Ambivalent about Royal Ideology
    • Weak on exclusive loyalty to YHWH
    • Strong on centralization

Ch. 18, 290-293

Divided Kingdoms

Presumed sources for DTR = Royal annals and prophetic legends (290)

  • Jeroboam in Northern Kingdom

Nonbiblical sources

  • Late 10th century (such as 924 BCE with Pharaoh Shishak)
  • Assyrian records (mentions Ahab, Jehu, Jehoash)
  • Moabite --> Mesha stele (mentioned in Bible)
  • See timeline on p.293

Ch. 19. Northern Kingdom // FYI.

  • Amos and Hosea (of the "Twelve Minor Prophets")
    • Covenant lawsuit (Amos)
    • Oracle against the nations (Amos, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, etc)
  • Samaria
  • Shalmaneser V conquers Northern Kingdom
Ch. 20, 329-333
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Assyria.

  • (Passive recognition: Tiglath-pileser, Shalmaneser, Sargon -- make Judah a vassal)
  • Sennacherib (705-681 BCE), invades at time of Hezekiah

Hezekiah (2 Kings 18)

  • Rebellion, religious revival, submission
  • Hypothesis: first version of Deuteronomistic History (DTR)

Isaiah => 3 parts or sources, First, Deutero, Trito (332) (e.g., assumes prophecy is not feasible)

Ch.21 includes Josiah (640-609 BCE reign)

  • Religious reform (2 Kings 22) with a "book of the law" found
    • Big applause by DTR
    • Maybe Deuteronomy? But finding an ancient text is common motif. (354)

Ch. 22, 360-365

  • Zedekiah asserts independence, Babylonia attacks, Nebuchadrezzar takes Jerusalem, 586 BCE
  • "Babylonian Chronicles" + excavations = non-biblical corroboration (quote p.362)
Ch. 24, 400-406
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  • Context: A few kings after Nebuchadrezzar, Babylon defeated by Persia in 539 BCE
  • Sources: Babylonian records, Persian records, Greek historians, Bible
  • King Cyrus
  • Ezra
  • Zerubbabel, Davidic line, part of the "early restoration"
  • Cyrus cylinder (p.403)

Priestly source (P) -- exile

  • Ezra brings "book of the law of Moses (Nehemiah 8:1, Ezra 7.6)