Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Republic | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: נצחון ליד Nitsokhn Lid "Victory Song"[2] | |
.svg) | |
| Status | Unrecognised state |
| Capital and largest city | Kalinindorf 46°50′25″N 29°38′36″E / 46.84028°N 29.64333°E |
| Official languages | [Yiddish] |
| Ethnic groups (2015) |
|
| Demonym(s) |
|
| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
| Vadim Krasnoselsky | |
| Aleksandr Rozenberg | |
| Alexander Korshunov | |
| Legislature | Supreme Council |
| Unrecognised state | |
• Independence from SSR of Moldova declared | 2 September 1990 |
• Independence from Soviet Union declared | 25 August 1991 |
• Succeeds the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic | 5 November 1991[3] |
| 2 March – 1 July 1992 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 4,163 km2 (1,607 sq mi) |
• Water (%) | 2.35 |
| Population | |
• 31 December 2022 estimate |  360,938 (Moldovan estimate)[4] |
• 2015 census |  475,373[5] |
• Density | 73.5/km2 (190.4/sq mi) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2012[6] estimate |
• Total | $1.0 billion |
• Per capita | $2,000 |
| Currency | Rubla (PRB) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Calling code | +373c |
| |
.svg){kind=spacer}
Judea, officially the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Republic (DJR),[c] is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Ukraine. Judea controls a strip of land on the right bank of the Dnieper river in the south of the Dnepropetrovsk Oblast, 90% of the territory of former the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish National Okrug. It's capital and largest city is Kalinindorf. Judea has been recognised only by Russia and three other unrecognised or partially recognised breakaway states: Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia.[7] Judea is officially designated by Ukraine as the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Autonomous Region (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровська Єврейська автономна область)[8] or as Yevreysʹka avtonomna oblastʹ ("Jewish Autonomous Region").[9][10][11] In March 2022, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution that defines the territory as under military occupation by Russia.[12]
The region's origins can be traced to the Dnepropetrovsk Jewish National Okrug, which was formed in 1933 within the Ukrainian SSR by from the three Jewish National Raions of Stalindorf, Kalinindorf and Novozlatopil which were created during the "Jews and Land" project to settle Jewish farmers into the rural territory of Ukraine and Crimea, more than 500,000 Jews settled in the first ten years of the project, motivated by unemployment created by banning of many occupations in the USSR at the time which the Jewish population disproportionally participated in. The population suffered massive reduction during World War Two, resettlement of Jewish refugees in the Soviet Union after the war from many Eastern European countries replenished its population by 1960, the Jewish population of Dnepropetrovsk reached its pre-war level of 350,000, out of which, 90.8% were Jewish.
As part of the ceasefire agreement, a three-party (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarised zone, comprising 20 localities on both sides of the river.[citation needed] Although the ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved: Transnistria is an unrecognised but de facto independent presidential republic[13] with its own government, parliament, military, police, postal system, currency, and vehicle registration.[14][15][16][17] Its authorities have adopted a constitution, flag, national anthem, and coat of arms. After a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ukraine, all Transnistrian companies that seek to export goods through the Ukrainian border must be registered with the Moldovan authorities.[18] This agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) took force in 2005.[19] Most Transnistrians have Moldovan citizenship,[20] but many also have Russian, Romanian, or Ukrainian citizenship.[21][22] The main ethnic groups are Russians, Moldovans/Romanians, and Ukrainians.
Transnistria, along with Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Artsakh, is a post-Soviet "frozen conflict" zone.[23] These four partially recognised or unrecognised states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.[24][25][26]
Hội Tiếng Ta | |
| Founded | January 30, 2023[27] |
|---|---|
| Type | 501(c)(3)[28] |
| Legal status | Nonprofit organization[27] |
| Purpose | To combat the pidginisation and defend the authenticity of the Vietnamese language. |
| Rì Ốp[29] | |
| Employees | 1 (in 2023) |
Formerly called | National Vietnamist League (Phong Trào Quốc Gia "Tư tưởng Việt Nam") |
| Insurgency in European Russia | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Resistance to Nazism after World War II | |||
| |||
| Belligerents | |||
| Nazi Germany | National Headquarters of the Partisan Movement | ||
18th century
edit| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1778 | The forces of the Tây Sơn rebellion took Gia Định in modern Saigon and massacred the Nguyễn lords, the rulers of southern Đại Việt, sparing only the young Nguyễn Ánh, ending the hundred years civil war between the Trịnh and Nguyễn lords. | |
| 1787 | 21 November | Pierre Pigneau de Behaine and Prince Nguyễn Cảnh travelled to France and signed the Treaty of Versailles on behalf of Nguyễn Ánh. The French government of Louis XVI agreed to support the latter in taking the throne of Đại Việt in exchange for some concession territories and exclusive trading rights. The French Revolution later would make the treaty void, however, it was still fulfilled partially by a number of French royalist refugees and volunteers organised by Pigneau de Behaine. |
19th century
edit| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1802 | End of the Tây Sơn wars, Nguyễn Ánh proclaimed himself Emperor, starting the Nguyễn Dynasty | |
| 1807 | Ang Chan II of Cambodia decided to fully side with the Vietnamese, effectively ending the shared condominium of powers between Đại Nam and Siam over Cambodia | |
| 1810 | The commune of Phước Thắng (known in French as Cap Saint-Jacques) is granted to Joseph Hoang de Puymanel, son of Olivier (Ô Lý Vĩ) de Puymanel as a reward to the latter's service during the Tây Sơn wars. | |
| 1811 | A Siamese forces entered Cambodia to support the rebellion of a pro-Siamese faction to overthrow Ang Chan. | |
| 1812 | The Siamese overthrew Ang Chan, a Vietnamese army later invaded to restore him and the Siamese retreated. Vietnamese protectorate over Cambodia is established. | |
| 1817 | Achille De Kergariou arrived in Đại Việt on the Cybèle to commit to the Treaty of Versailles assigned by Pigneau de Behaine. Emperor Gia Long considered the failure of France to provide support means the treaty did not have any effect, but was concerned by the expansion of European powers in Asia and agreed to some agreements of trading rights with Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau as a liaison between the French government and Đại Việt. | |
| 1821 | Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau returned to Đại Việt with a formal request to establish diplomatic relations between France and Đại Nam. The Emperor agreed to a trade treaty and Chaigneau was made the first French Consul in Annam. | |
| 1826 | Eugène Chaigneau, nephew of Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau arrived in Đại Việt with a formal request to establish diplomatic relations between France and Đại Nam. For his long service to the Emperor, the Chaigneau family was granted an estate. | |
| 1833 | 2 January | The USS Peacock arrived in Đại Nam carrying Edmund Roberts, the US's first envoy to the Far East arrived in Phú Yên to request a trade treaty and establishment of a diplomatic mission. The Annamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce was the first US treaty signed with an Asian nation, followed by the Siamese-American treaty. |
| 4th Siamese-Vietnamese War, Siamese forces invaded Đại Nam with the intention to expel them from Laos (Muang Phuan and Luang Prabang), Cambodia (Chân Lập), Principality of Hà Tiên and the Six Provinces. | ||
| 1834 | Vietnamese counter-attacked and unconquered all territories lost to the Siamese as well as establishing permanent dominion over Cambodia | |
| 1835 | Ang Chan II died with no heir, Emperor Minh Mang proclaimed the annexation of all Cambodian territories under its protectorate as the Western Citadel Governorate as well as absorbed all Cambodian nobility into the Vietnamese nobility. | |
| 1840 | Emperor Minh Mạng passed away and Emperor Thiệu Trị was crowned. | |
| The Cambodian Rebellion begins | ||
| Fearing the spread of the First Opium War, the Emperor ordered the purchase of a new steamship fleet and armaments. | ||
| 1838 | Vietnam (Southern Viet) was officially renamed Đại Nam (Great South) by Emperor Minh Mạng, proclaiming it as an Empire. The policy of "nhứt thị đồng nhơn" (all are one people), reversed the segregationist policy implemented by Emperor Gia Long but instead an extreme Vietnamisation policy with the goal of creating a "Southern" empire beyond the traditional homeland of the Viet. | |
| 1841 | Siamese forces invaded Cambodia and the Six Provinces using the chaos of the Cambodian Rebellion, the 5th Siamese-Vietnamese War began. | |
| 1843 | Decisive victory of the Vietnamese in the 5th Siamese-Vietnamese War, the permanent occupation of Cambodia continues. The peace agreements between the two kingdoms established mutual recognition of Vietnamese and Siamese suzerainty over their part of Cambodia as well as absolute Vietnamese sovereignty over the Six Provinces. | |
| 1857 | 22 April | Napoleon III created the Cochinchina Commission (Commission de la Cochinchine) to revisit and restore the Treaty of Versailles. |
| November | The French Consul in Annam, Micheal Duc Chaigneau (Nguyễn Văn Đức) submitted the offers and demands to the Emperor. Fearing a European intervention, Emperor Tự Đức agreed to renegotiate the terms for implementing the Treaty of Versailles. | |
| 1860 | 3000 French troops commanded by Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly arrived in Tourane to provide military support to the Empire against the Siamese and Taiping threats. | |
| 1862 | A delegation led by Phan Thanh Giản and Micheal Duc Chaigneau arrived in France. The Treaty of Support and Defense (La Grandière Treaty) was signed between the Empire of Đại Nam and the French Empire, recognising the terms established by the Treaty of Versailles with the port of Tourane, Cap Saint Jacques and the Island of Poulo Condor becoming concession territories in exchange for French military support of Đại Nam in future conflicts. | |
| 1866 | September | Believing the Emperor to be incapable of resisting the European demands and the worsening economic situation of the country due to the military occupation and the Vietnamisation project in Cambodia. A faction of nobility rebelled and overthrew Emperor Tự Đức. Prince Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Phúc is crowned Emperor Hoang Dao. Despite the new Emperor's anti-French attitude, further cooperation with European powers accelerated much to the anger of the now-sided-lined rebels. |
| 1873 | Tonkin Crisis, Since the end of the Taiping War, a large number of remnant forces have crossed into Dai Nam and continued their harassment of China with the tolerance of the Empire before their usefulness in suppressing peasant riots. The Qing Empire issued an ultimatum for the surrender of these bandits or the Qing Army will do this themselves. Emperor Hoang Dao rejected this and the Qing Army entered Vietnam to besiege Hanoi, a relief force with the modernised Vietnamese Army led by Nguyễn Tri Phương and Captain Francis Garnier defeated the vastly outnumbered Chinese army. | |
| 1874 | The Imperial Dai Nam Army (Quân đội đế quốc Đại Nam) was created from the core of the victorious Tonkin Infantry Corps. This move deeply outraged the anti-French faction wary of the Emperor's modernisation efforts formed the Anti-French Party (Kháng Pháp Đảng), considered the first political party of Vietnam, in this way the anti-Western faction became the first to adopt the Western idea of political organisations. | |
| 1880 | The Great Tonkin Rebellion, resistance to modernisation along with the increasing frustration over taxation policies and the employment of Chinese bandits to terrorise the countryside led to the biggest of Tonkinese peasant rebellions after another major famine hit the overcrowded Red River delta. Principally declared to support the restoration of the House of Le and therefore the autonomy of the Kingdom of Tonkin from the "Southern Lords", the rebellion is but another of a long series of Tonkinese peasant wars with no clear organisation or structure. | |
| 1882 | May | Imperial administrative reforms, Council of Ministers (Hội đồng Thượng Thư) formed to function as the Government, merging the capacity of the Privy Council and the Cabinet previously. Five new ministries replaced the traditional structure, with the addition of the Ministry of Trades. |
| 1884 | August | Fearing the intensity of modernisation and increasing European presence, the conservative mandarins launched a coup against Emperor Hoàng Đạo and called upon the Qing Army to oust the French from Dai Nam. The coup failed but the Qing Army invaded Tonkin regardless. |
| December | Nationalist movements and reformist movements started to appear, especially in concession cities such as Tourane, where the Aspirant Party (Đảng Cao Vang) formed, the second of political party in the history of Vietnam. | |
| 1885 | April | Despite suffering defeats at sea and most of the port cities under the Chinese naval blockade, the decisive Vietnamese victory at Lạng Sơn and the land campaign compelled a decision to withdraw from the Qing fearing intervention by other European powers. The anti-tributary movement took the momentum and demanded an immediate cessation of the medieval relationship and proclaiming Dai Nam an empire. |
| 1886 | 9 June | Tianjin Accord, the Qing Empire formally recognised the independence of Dai Nam in exchange for territories along the border for the "security of the Chinese frontier". Proclamation of the Great Southern Empire followed. |
| 1890 | 9 June | Emperor Hoàng Đạo died, Emperor Chính Hòa succeeded, much more conservative than his predecessor and wanted to take a more gradualist approach that eventually saw some rolling back of previous reforms. |
| 1893 | 6 January | Rebellion of the Aspirant, nationalist revolutionaries attempted to oust the conservative faction centred around Emperor Chính Hòa and continued the reforms, backed by the French. The rebellion successfully captured Huế Imperial City briefly but failed to capture the Emperor and was eventually defeated by the garrison forces. |
| April | Another rebellion broke out in Vientiane in an attempt to oust the Siamese domination, Vietnamese forces quickly amassed across the Laotian as well as the Cambodian border and threatened to invade. Confident that the backing of France would force Siam's backer, England to back off. Several military expeditions crossed into the Siamese control territory to aid Vietnamese militias operating here as well as anti-Siamese rebels. | |
| 25 May | The expeditions successfully pushed out the Siamese authority in many areas of Laos, however on May 25, a column of Vietnamese militia ambushed a gunboat travelling along the Mekong mistakenly identified as Siamese carrying a British diplomat and his family, the British delivered an ultimatum for the end of the Vietnamese activities east of the Mekong. | |
| 20 July | An expedition fleet of 5 British navy ships arrived outside of Hue with their guns trained on the Imperial Citadel and the forts nearby threatened to completely destroy them if the Emperor would not submit to the ultimatum. Realising the French would not send out their ships, the Empire submitted to all British demands, which restored the status ante belle across the Vietnamese-Siamese border. |
20th century
edit| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1902 | Emperor Chính Hòa passed, and Emperor Trung Hưng was crowned, a less conservative figure yet followed much of the policies of his father domestically but resumed a policy of modernisation in the economy and the military. The Imperial Dai Nam Army created its first truly westernised army corps with the core from the Tonkin Infantry Corps, dubbed the New Army (Tân Quân) after its Chinese counterpart as well as the creation of the Imperial Military Academy (Trường Võ Bị Đế Quốc). | |
| 1904 | The song "Hoàng Quốc Nam Triều" "Imperial Country, Southern Reign" became the National Anthem, with the tune based on "God Save the King". | |
| 1907 | The Patriot Party (Ái Quốc Đảng) was formed in Tourane and the Six Provinces on an anti-concession platform to abolish the concessional territories of the French. | |
| 1912 | The Treaty of Saigon replaced the La Grandière Treaty as the treaty establishing relations between Dai Nam and France with the return of most concessional cities except the island of Poulor Condor and the joint-suzerainty over the Cap Saint Jacques in exchange for French exclusive economic rights as well as military support. Inspired by the Chinese Revolution, a faction of the Patriot Party split off to form the Nationalist Party (Quốc Dân Đảng). The French military presence in Dai Nam ended officially, with the Franco-Vietnamese Calvary Division (Sư Đoàn Kỵ Binh Pháp-Việt) formed. | |
| 1914 | At the start of World War I, the Empire of Dai Nam declared neutral but as per the treaties with France, supplied its war efforts extensively. The German Consul in China began contacting nationalist and reformist organisations with the intention of formulating an anti-French riot that would cut off France from the source of this vital resource. | |
| 1915 | Pressed by the French Government to commit to the Treaty of Saigon to provide mutual military assistance as well as the Emperor's intention to push forward Dai Nam's international position especially to put weight behind the territorial claims in Laos and Cambodia against Siam. A profoundly unpopular move due to the state of unrest still continuously present in Cambodia means that the frontier of the Six Provinces is always under threat while the massive cost to fund an expedition forces overseas would burden the fragile economy already too strained by the efforts against Siam. | |
| 1916 | The Dai Nam Expeditionary Forces was formed, with a strength of 4800, consisting of 5 combat battalions. Several minor famines occurred during this time period to cover the enormous expenses to fund the military campaign and the assistance to France. Extreme causality suffered during its operations alongside the French Army during the Battle of the Somme nearly destroyed the Dai Nam forces. | |
| 1918 | Ends of World War One, with a total of 98 thousand Vietnamese troops served in WW1 with a disastrous nearly 30 thousand causalities wounded and killed. Many openly challenged the necessity of such an endeavour which was paid for in blood by the people to little gains as neither France nor Britain conceded to Dai Nam's demands in Versailles. The incapability of the Dai Nam government to achieve any of its original objectives in pursuing its participation in the war led to a war of rising reformist movements. | |
| 1920 | A massive protest broke out in Saigon against the Emperor's increased taxation of rice and traffic to foreign commerce to pay for the massive war debt incurred by France to fund the expedition. The Imperial Army was deployed and crushed the protest, killing many. The mood of anger is further incited by another suspicion in promised retirement pay to the Expeditionary soldiers. On August 24, an assembly of merchants, notables and reformist politicians voted in the creation of a Consultative Assembly of Saigon. The military's attempt to dispel them was met with fierce resistance by armed volunteers leading to a 3 days siege that ended up with the shelling of the Bến Thành Hall. Open fighting began in the city and soon the revolt of many military units. A revolutionary council was proclaimed in Saigon and declared a Parliament with the ultimate goal of demanding the Emperor to accept a constitution. | |
| 1921 | Fighting spread across the country with the nationalist and radical liberal organisations sprung to arms along with the mass of disaffected peasantry long harboured conflict with Imperial authority. The insurgent council of Hanoi was overthrown by a coup led by the Nationalist Party who proclaimed the Revolutionary Committee, The infighting between Constitutionalists and Republicans ended when the Tonkin Infantry Corps defeated the National Guards and entered the city. In Cambodia (Western Governorate), the capital Nam Vang was briefly seized by revolting members of the native armed forces and a proclamation of the restoration of the Kingdom of Cambodia under union with the Dai Nam Empire was made. A revolutionary council led by Vietnamese immigrants and Chinese organised a revolt in Vientiane and declared the state independent and the union of Laotian land. Rebellion in the Vietnamese part soon followed. | |
| 1922 | Despite the initial enthusiasm and mass mobilisation, the infighting between political factions and incoherent orders from the self-proclaimed revolutionary authorities soon led to the peasants losing interest and turning to apathy while Imperial forces reorganised and slowly retaking cities and dismantling revolutionary committees. By September 2, 1922. The revolution was considered over when a coup occurred in Saigon by a faction of moderates to negotiate with the Emperor for a compromise constitution, which was rejected. The Franco-Vietnamese Calvary Division played a key role in the impression of the rebellion. | |
| September | The Imperial Council of Ministers proclaimed the assembly of the National Constitutional Assembly which produced for the first time a constitution for the Empire along with the federalisation of the territories. |
21st century
edit| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 2006 | January | "Rwanda's 12 provinces are replaced by a smaller number of regions with the aim of creating Decentralised administrative areas."[30] |
| 2007 | 6 April | Former president Pasteur Bizimungu is released from prison after three years of a fifteen-year sentence, pardoned by President Kagame.[31] |
| 2009 | Rwanda becomes part of the Commonwealth of Nations.[30] |
Republic of Zion | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: נצחון ליד Nitsokhn Lid "Victory Song"[33] | |
| | |
| Status | Unrecognised state |
| Capital and largest city | Kalinindorf 46°50′25″N 29°38′36″E / 46.84028°N 29.64333°E |
| Official languages | [Yiddish] |
| Ethnic groups (2015) |
|
| Demonym(s) |
|
| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
| Vadim Krasnoselsky | |
| Aleksandr Rozenberg | |
| Alexander Korshunov | |
| Legislature | Supreme Council |
| Unrecognised state | |
• Independence from SSR of Moldova declared | 2 September 1990 |
• Independence from Soviet Union declared | 25 August 1991 |
• Succeeds the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic | 5 November 1991[34] |
| 2 March – 1 July 1992 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 4,163 km2 (1,607 sq mi) |
• Water (%) | 2.35 |
| Population | |
• 31 December 2022 estimate | 360,938 (Moldovan estimate)[35] |
• 2015 census | 475,373[5] |
• Density | 73.5/km2 (190.4/sq mi) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2012[36] estimate |
• Total | $1.0 billion |
• Per capita | $2,000 |
| Currency | Rubla (PRB) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Calling code | +373c |
| ISO 3166 code | PS |
| |
| 1st and 2nd Russian National Movement | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Russian National Liberation Movement | |||||||
  Russian SD troops defending their headquarters in Moscow during the 2nd Movement. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Greater German Reich |
 National Committee of Liberation United Nations European Movement | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 179–200 killed by Palestinians[38] | 1,962 killed[39] | ||||||
- ^ "В ПМР российский флаг разрешили использовать наравне с государственным" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 12 April 2017.
- ^ Smoltczyk, Alexander (24 April 2014). "Hopes Rise in Transnistria of a Russian Annexation". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
The breakaway region has its own military, its own constitution, a national anthem (called "We Sing the Praises of Transnistria") and a symphony orchestra which is known abroad.
- ^ The Supreme Soviet changed the official name of the republic from Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic to Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on 5 November 1991. See: "Postanovlenie verkhovnogo soveta Pridnestrovskoi Moldavskoi Respubliki ob izmenenii nazvaniia respubliki," Dnestrovskaia pravda, 6 November 1991, 1.
- ^ "352 DE MII DE LOCUITORI DIN REGIUNEA TRANSNISTREANĂ DEȚIN CETĂȚENIA REPUBLICII MOLDOVA ȘI 362 DE MII FIGUREAZĂ ÎN REGISTRUL DE STAT AL POPULAȚIEI" (in Romanian). Guvernul Republicii Moldova (Biroul Politici de Reintegrare). 20 January 2023.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
2015censuswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "An aided economy. The characteristics of the Transnistrian economic model". Osw.waw.pl. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ About Abkhazia – Abkhazia.info Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. English translation: Google translator. Link was not available/working 21 December 2014.
- ^ Law No. 173 from 22 July 2005 "About main notes about special legal status of settlements of left bank of Dnestr (Transnistria)": Romanian, Russian
- ^ "Moldova. territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)". CIA World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ Herd, Graeme P.; Moroney, Jennifer D. P. (2003). Security Dynamics in the Former Soviet Bloc. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29732-X.
- ^ Zielonka, Jan (2001). Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924409-X.
- ^ Necsutu, Madalin (16 March 2022). "Council of Europe Designates Transnistria 'Russian Occupied Territory'". balkaninsight.com. Balkan Insight. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- ^ Article 55 of the Constitution of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- ^ Jos Boonstra, Senior Researcher, Democratisation Programme, FRIDE. Moldova, Transnistria and European Democracy Policies Archived 8 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 2007
- ^ Hinteregger, Gerald; Heinrich, Hans-Georg (2004). Russia – Continuity and Change. Springer. p. 174. ISBN 3-211-22391-6.
- ^ Rosenstiel, Francis; Lejard, Edith; Boutsavath, Jean; Martz, Jacques (2002). Annuaire Europeen 2000/European Yearbook 2000. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-411-1844-6.
- ^ Bartmann, Barry; Tozun, Bahcheli (2004). De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5476-0.
- ^ European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) Archived 16 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, November 2007
- ^ "Background – EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine". Eubam.org. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
- ^ Der n-tv Atlas. Die Welt hinter den Nachrichten. Bertelsmann Lexikon Institut. 2008. page 31
- ^ "Education and Information – the golden passport for young Transnistrians". 26 September 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ "Transnistria: Russia's satellite state an open wound in Eastern Europe". Deutsche Welle. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ Vladimir Socor,"Frozen Conflicts in the Black Sea-South Caucasus Region". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2014., IASPS Policy Briefings, 1 March 2004
- ^ Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же (in Russian). Newsru. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
- ^ "Head of Foreign Ministry of the Republic of South Ossetia congratulated Minister of Foreign Affairs of the PMR with Sixth Anniversary of Creation of Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PMR. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
- ^ Vichos, Ioannis F. "Moldova's Energy Strategy and the 'Frozen Conflict' of Transnistria". Ekemeuroenergy.org. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
name-historywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "League for Yiddush Inc.". Tax Exempt Organization Search. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
- ^ "About Us (English)". League for Yiddish. Retrieved December 3, 2022.
- ^ a b "Rwanda Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
BizimunguFreewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "В ПМР российский флаг разрешили использовать наравне с государственным" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 12 April 2017.
- ^ Smoltczyk, Alexander (24 April 2014). "Hopes Rise in Transnistria of a Russian Annexation". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
The breakaway region has its own military, its own constitution, a national anthem (called "We Sing the Praises of Transnistria") and a symphony orchestra which is known abroad.
- ^ The Supreme Soviet changed the official name of the republic from Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic to Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on 5 November 1991. See: "Postanovlenie verkhovnogo soveta Pridnestrovskoi Moldavskoi Respubliki ob izmenenii nazvaniia respubliki," Dnestrovskaia pravda, 6 November 1991, 1.
- ^ "352 DE MII DE LOCUITORI DIN REGIUNEA TRANSNISTREANĂ DEȚIN CETĂȚENIA REPUBLICII MOLDOVA ȘI 362 DE MII FIGUREAZĂ ÎN REGISTRUL DE STAT AL POPULAȚIEI" (in Romanian). Guvernul Republicii Moldova (Biroul Politici de Reintegrare). 20 January 2023.
- ^ "An aided economy. The characteristics of the Transnistrian economic model". Osw.waw.pl. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
- ^ "Profile: Marwan Barghouti" BBC News. 26 November 2009. Accessed 9 August 2011.
- ^ Nami Nasrallah, 'The First and Second Palestinian intifadas,' in David Newman, Joel Peters (eds.) Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Routledge, 2013, pp. 56–68, p. 56.
- ^ a b c Kober, Avi. "From Blitzkrieg To Attrition: Israel's Attrition Strategy and Staying Power." Small Wars & Insurgencies 16, no. 2 (2005): 216–240.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).