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'Swadesh list for Kurdish'
Presentation
editThis is Swadesh list of 207 words in English and Kurdish.
The Swadesh list, developed by the linguist Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language to varying degrees. Various versions have been created, in particular:
● a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow).
● a reduced 100 words version.
Some versions are more reliable than others in terms of the universality of concurrence between the words' meanings.
This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikitravel lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetic basis. It considers one of the lists of vocabulary with universal test meanings/concepts developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1950-70s. Because translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages.
List
edit- For further information, read the article: Swadesh list
The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language. Various versions have been created, in particular:
- a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
- a reduced 100 words version.
This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing Wikivoyage lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetics basis.
| No. | English | Kurdish | IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I
(me) |
ez (subject, continue & future),
mi, min (object, past) |
/az/,
/mə, mən/ |
| 2 | you (singular) | tu | /ṭɜ/ |
| 3 | he | ew | /aw/ |
| 4 | we | em | /am/ |
| 5 | you (plural) | wun, hûn | /wɜn, huːn/ |
| 6 | they | ewna, ew | /awˈnɑː, aw/ |
| 7 | this | ev | /av/ |
| 8 | that | ew | /aw/ |
| 9 | here | vir | /vəɹ/ |
| 10 | there | wir | /wəɹ/ |
| 11 | who | kî | /kiː/ |
| 12 | what | çi | /tʃə/ |
| 13 | where | kur, ku va | /kɜɹ, kɜ vɑː/ |
| 14 | when | dema, ga va, kîn ga, ku va | /damɑː, gɑː vɑː, kiːŋ gɑː/ |
| 15 | how | ço(w), çito, çawa | /tʃɔʷ, tʃəṭɔ, tʃɑːwɑː/ |
| 16 | not | na | /nɑː/ |
| 17 | all | gî, giştî, tev, hemû | /giː, gəʃṭi, tav, hamuː/ |
| 18 | many | pir | /pər/ |
| 19 | some | hin | /hən/ |
| 20 | few | çend, kêm | /tʃand, ḳɪm/ |
| 21 | other | din, dî | /dən, diː/ |
| 22 | one | yek | /jaḳ/ |
| 23 | two | du, didu | /dɜ, dədɜ/ |
| 24 | three | sê, sisê | /sɪ, səsɪ/ |
| 25 | four | çar | /tʃɑːr/ |
| 26 | five | pênc | /pɪnʤ/ |
| 27 | big | mez, mezin | /maz, mazən/ |
| 28 | long | dirêj | /dərɪʒ/ |
| 29 | wide | fereh, pehn | /farah, pahn/ |
| 30 | thick | stûr, qaling | /stuːr, qɑːləŋg/ |
| 31 | heavy | giran | /gərɑːn/ |
| 32 | small | çûk, çûçik | /ˈt͡ʃuːḳ, t͡ʃuːḳt͡ʃəḳ/ |
| 33 | short | kin, kurt | /ˈḳən, ḳɜrṭ/ |
| 34 | narrow | nar, zirav, tîr, teng | [nɑːr, zərɑːv, ṭiːr, ṭaŋ] |
| 35 | thin | tenik | /ṭaˈnəḳ/ |
| 36 | woman | jin | /ˈʒən/ |
| 37 | man (as male),man (as human) | peya, mêr, merov, camêr | /pajɑː, mɪr/, /marɔv, ʤɑːmɪɹ/ |
| 38 | person | perez, kes | /paraz, kas/ |
| 39 | child | zar, zîç, qiçik, mendal | /zɑːr, ziːt͡ʃ, ϙət͡ʃəḳ, manˈdɑːl/ |
| 40 | wife | kebanî, jin, pîrek | /ḳabɑːniː, ˈʒən, ṗiːraḳ/ |
| 41 | husband | mêr | /mɪr/ |
| 42 | mother | anê, dayê, dayîk, dêk, dêy, yadê | /ˈɑːnɪ, dɑːjɪ, dɑːjiːḳ, dɪḳ, dɪj, jɑːdɪ/ |
| 43 | father | bav | /bɑːv/ |
| 44 | animal | cinawir, dewar, heywan, ajal, hovî | /ʤənɑːwər, dawɑːr, hajˈwɑːn, ɑːʒɑːl, ˈhɔviː/ |
| 45 | fish | masî | /mɑːsiː/ |
| 46 | bird | çûk, balinde, firende | /t͡ʃuːḳ , bɑːlənda, fəranda/ |
| 47 | dog | kutû, kûçik, seg | /kɜtuː, ḳuːˈt͡ʃəḳ, sag/ |
| 48 | louse | kêç, sipi | /ḳɪt͡ʃ, ˈsəṗə/ |
| 49 | snake | mar, mehr | /mɑːr, mahr/ |
| 50 | worm | kurm | /ḳɜrm/ |
| 51 | tree | dar | /ˈdɑːr/ |
| 52 | forest | rêl, daristan, dehl, boş, berrî, mêşe | /rɪl, dɑːrəstɑːn, daɣl, bɔʃ, bariː, mɪʃa/ |
| 53 | stick | şivik, ço(v/w), textik | /ʃəvəḳ, ˈt͡ʃo(v), taxṭəḳ/ |
| 54 | fruit | ber, meywe, fêhkî | /bar, majwa, fɪhḳiː/ |
| 55 | seed | dendik, dane | /dandəḳ, dɑːna/ |
| 56 | leaf | pel, çilo(w) | /pal, ˈt͡ʃəloʷ/ |
| 57 | root | tamar, kok | /ṭɑːmɑːr, koḳ/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | qaliq, qaşil, berg | /qɑːˈləq, qɑːˈʃəl, barg/ |
| 59 | flower | gul, gulîlk, kulîlk, çîçek | /gɜl, gɜliːlḳ, ḳɜliːlḳ, t͡ʃiːt͡ʃaḳ/ |
| 60 | grass | çawîr, gire | /tʃɑːwiːr, gəra/ |
| 61 | rope | ben, kêndir | /ban, kɪnˈdər/ |
| 62 | skin | çerm, eyar, kevel, post | /ˈt͡ʃarm, aˈjɑːr, kaval, post/ |
| 63 | meat | goşt | /goʃṭ/ |
| 64 | blood | xwîn, xwûn | /ˈxwiːn, ˈxwuːn/ |
| 65 | bone | hestî, êstû, êsik | /hastiː, ɪstuː, ɪˈsəḳ/ |
| 66 | fat (noun), (solid form)
fat (noun), (liquid form) |
rûn, dohn | /ruːn, dɔːn/
/lɪluːn, qɑːtəx, ʤaɹb, zɪṭ/ |
| 67 | egg | hêk | /hɪḳ/ |
| 68 | horn | qoç | /qɔt͡ʃ/ |
| 69 | tail | dûv, terî | /duːv, tariː/ |
| 70 | feather | per | /par/ |
| 71 | hair | por, pirç, mû | /pɔːɹ, pəɹt͡ʃ, muːʷ/ |
| 72 | head | serî | /sariː/ |
| 73 | ear | guh | /gɜh/ |
| 74 | eye | çav, çehv | /ˈt͡ʃɑːv, ˈt͡ʃahv/ |
| 75 | nose | poz, difin | /ˈpɔːz, ṗɔz, dəfən/ |
| 76 | mouth | dev | /dav/ |
| 77 | tooth | diran, didan | /dərɑːn, dədɑːn/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ziman | /zəmɑːn/ |
| 79 | fingernail | dir-nak | /dər.ˈnɑːḳ/ |
| 80 | foot | pê, pey | /ṗɪ, ṗaj/ |
| 81 | leg | ling | /ləŋg/ |
| 82 | knee | kab, çog, ejnû | /kɑːb, tʃɔg, aʒnuː/ |
| 83 | hand | dest, lep | /dast, laṗ/ |
| 84 | wing | bask, pazik | /ˈbɑːsḳ, ˈpɑːzəḳ/ |
| 85 | belly | ˈzik, nav | /zəḳ, nɑːv/ |
| 86 | guts | rovik, rûvik, navik | /rɔʷˈvəkɑːn, ruːˈvəḳ, nɑːˈvəḳ / |
| 87 | neck | histi, stî, gepir, qirik | /həstə, stiː, gapər, qərəḳ/ |
| 88 | back | pişt | /pəʃt/ |
| 89 | breast | sîng, berok | /siːŋ, barɔḳ/ |
| 90 | heart | dil | /dəl/ |
| 91 | liver | kezeba sor, cîger | /ḳazabɑː sɔr, ʤiːgar/ |
| 92 | to drink | ve-x, da-qurt | /va.x, dɑː.ϙɜɹṭ/ |
| 93 | to eat | xu, xwu | /xɜ, xwɜ/ |
| 94 | to bite | gez k | /gaz ḳ/ |
| 95 | to suck | mêj | /mɪʒ/ |
| 96 | to spit | tif k | /təf/ |
| 97 | to vomit | ve-reş | /va.raʃ/ |
| 98 | to blow | ba(h) k, pif k | /bɑːʰ ḳ, pəf ḳ/ |
| 99 | to breathe | nefes, hêlim k, hilm k | /nafas, hɪləm ḳ, həlm ḳ/ |
| 100 | to laugh | ken | /kan/ |
| 101 | to see | seh k, neyr (nêr), biyn (bîn), dî | /saʰ ḳ, najɹ (nɪɹ), biːjn (biːn), diː/ |
| 102 | to hear | bihîs, biys, bîs | /bəʰiːs, biːjs, biːs/ |
| 103 | to know | nas, zan | /nɑːs, zɑːn/ |
| 104 | to think | bîrr k | /biːr ḳ/ |
| 105 | to smell | bîhin (bîn) k | /biːhən (biːn) ḳ/ |
| 106 | to fear | tirs, pix k | /tərs, pəx ḳ/ |
| 107 | to sleep | xew k, nenî k, temir | /xaw ḳ, naniː ḳ, ṭamər/ |
| 108 | to live | jî | /ʒiː/ |
| 109 | to die | mir | /mər/ |
| 110 | to kill | kuj | /kɜʒ, ḳɜʒ/ |
| 111 | to fight | şer k, ceng k | /ʃar ḳ, ʤaŋg ḳ/ |
| 112 | to hunt (animal)
to hunt (to fish) |
nîçirê k, | /niːt͡ʃərɪ ḳ/
/ɑːwɪ ḳ/ |
| 113 | to hit | xi (lê-x), xi-st, lê-d | /xə (lɪ.x), xə.st, lɪ.d/ |
| 114 | to cut | birr, qet, qut | /bər, qat, qɜt/ |
| 115 | to split | pertîn, perçe | /partiːn, part͡ʃa/ |
| 116 | to stab | hut, kut | /hɜṭ, kɜṭ/ |
| 117 | to scratch | xiş | /xəʃ/ |
| 118 | to dig | kol | /kɔl/ |
| 119 | to swim | av-jenîn | /ɑːv.ʒaniːn/ |
| 120 | to fly | fir | /fər/ |
| 121 | to walk | meş, pey, gav k, gaz k | /maʃ, ṗaj, gɑːv ḳ, gɑːz ḳ/ |
| 122 | to come | wer, hê (dihê, tê) | /war, hɪ (dəʰɪ, ṭɪ)/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ra-z, xwe-dirêj | /rɑː.z, xɑː.dərɪʒ/ |
| 124 | to sit | nih (rû-n) | /nəʰ (ruː.n)/ |
| 125 | to stand (to get)
to stand (postion) |
-st/-şt (xi-st, ni-şt), stîn | / -st/-ʃt (xə.st, nə.ʃt), stiːn /
/ pɪ.stiːn, saʰḳən / |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ger, çerx k, dor | /gar/ |
| 127 | to fall | kev, da-x, pêy xi-(-st) | /kav, dɑː.χ, pɪj xə-(-st)/ |
| 128 | to give | de(h), da (past form) | /daʰ, dɑː/ |
| 129 | to hold | hil-de(h), gir | /həl.daʰ, gər/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | guvêş | /gɜvɪʃ/ |
| 131 | to rub | xuş, miz-de(h) | /xɜʃ, məz.daʰ/ |
| 132 | to wash | şo(w) | /ʃɔʷ/ |
| 133 | to wipe | pixwaş k, pak k | /ṗəxʷɑːʃ ḳ, pɑːḳ ḳ/ |
| 134 | to pull | kiş | /kəʃiːn/ |
| 135 | to push | pal-de(h), ve-de(h) | /pɑːl.daʰ, va.daʰ/ |
| 136 | to throw | avê, avêj | /ɑːvɪ, ɑːvɪʒ/ |
| 137 | to tie | girê-de(h) | /gərɪ.daʰ/ |
| 138 | to sew | diro(w), dirû | /dərɔʷ, dəruː/ |
| 139 | to count | jimêr | /jəmɪr/ |
| 140 | to say | go(w), bêy, bêj | /gɔʷ, bɪj, bɪʒ/ |
| 141 | to sing | stir | /ˈstəɹ/ |
| 142 | to play | leyz, lîz | /lajz, liːz/ |
| 143 | to float | seravê-kev, rûavê-kev | /sarɑːvɪ.kav, ruːˈɑːvɪ.kav/ |
| 144 | to flow | şur, şir | /ˈʃɜr, ˈʃər/ |
| 145 | to freeze | bûz gir | /buːz gər, buːʷz gər/ |
| 146 | to swell | perçif, gup, sowr be(h) | /part͡ʃəf, gɜṗ, sɔʷɾ baʰ/ |
| 147 | sun | ro, row, xwur, xor | /rɔ, rɔʰ, rɔw, xʷɜr, xɔr/ |
| 148 | moon | heyv, hêv | /hajv, hɪv/ |
| 149 | star | stêr, histêr, istêr | /ˈsṭɪɹ, həˈsṭɪr, əsṭɪr/ |
| 150 | water | av, aw | /ˈɑːv, ɑːw/ |
| 151 | rain | baran | /ˈbɑːrɑːn/ |
| 152 | river | rûbar, çem | /ˈruːbɑːr, ˈtʃam/ |
| 153 | lake | lêç, gol | /lɪt͡ʃ, gol/ |
| 154 | sea | derya, zerya, behûr, behr | /darjɑː, zarjɑː, bahuːr, bahr/ |
| 155 | salt | xow, şor | /χɔːʷ, ʃɔːr/ |
| 156 | stone | kevir, seng, ber | /ḳavər, saŋ, bar/ |
| 157 | sand | qûm, zix | /quːˈm, ˈzəχ/ |
| 158 | dust | toz | /tɔˈz, tɔʷz/ |
| 159 | earth | erd, ax, zevî, zemîn | /ard, ˈɑːx, zaviː, zamiːn/ |
| 160 | cloud | ewir | /ˈawər/ |
| 161 | fog | mij, dîmar, morav | /məʒ, diːmɑːr, mɔrɑːv/ |
| 162 | sky | asman, ezman | /ɑːsmɑːn, ˈazmɑːn/ |
| 163 | wind | ba(h) | /bɑːʰ/ |
| 164 | snow | befr, berf | /bafɾ, barf/ |
| 165 | ice | seqo, qeşa, sûxar, seqem | /saqɔʷ, qaʃɑː, suːxɑːr, saqam/ |
| 166 | smoke | dû, dûman | /duːʷ, duːmɑːn/ |
| 167 | fire | ar, êr, agir, êgir | /ˈɑːr, ˈɪr, ˈɑːgər, ˈɪgər/ |
| 168 | ash | xalî | /xˈɑːliː] |
| 169 | to burn | şewt | /ʃawṭ/ |
| 170 | road | rê | /rɪ/ |
| 171 | mountain | ça, çî, koy | /ˈt͡ʃɑː, ˈt͡ʃiː, kɔʲ/ |
| 172 | red | sor | /ˈsɔr, ˈsɔʰr, ˈsɔʷr/ |
| 173 | green | kesk, sevz | /kaˈsḳ, savz/ |
| 174 | yellow | zer | /zar/ |
| 175 | white | sipî | /ˈsəṗiː/ |
| 176 | black | reş | /raʃ/ |
| 177 | night | şev | /ˈʃav/ |
| 178 | day | rok, roj | /rɔḳ, rɔʒ/ |
| 179 | year | sal | /sɑːl/ |
| 180 | warm | germ | /garm, gaʰˈrəm/ |
| 181 | cold | sar | /sɑːr/ |
| 182 | full | têr, tijî | /tɪr, ṭəʒiː/ |
| 183 | new | ecer, nû, nu(y), nî(y) | /ˈaʤar, nuː, nɜʲ, niːʲ/ |
| 184 | old | kevin | /ḳavən/ |
| 185 | good | rind, naz, baş, çê | /rənd, nɑːz, bɑːʃ, t͡ʃɪːʰ] |
| 186 | bad | xerap, pîs, bed | /xarɑːṗ, ˈpiːs, bad/ |
| 187 | rotten | xera, genî, tixî, rizî, kuvikî | /xaˈrɑː, ganiː, təxiː, rəziː, kuvəḳiː/ |
| 188 | dirty | gemar, pîs | /gamɑːr, ˈpiːs/ |
| 189 | straight | berrû, serrê, serrast | /baˈruː, saˈrɪ, saˈrɑː sṭ/ |
| 190 | round | gerande, gulok, gulover | /garɑːnda, gɜlɔḳ, gɜlɔvaɾ/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | tûj | /ṭuːʒ/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ko | /ḳɔ, ḳɔʰ, ḳɔʷ/ |
| 193 | smooth | hil-lû, hil-lûs | /həˈluː, həˈluːs/ |
| 194 | wet | şil, ter, hêlim | /ʃəl, ṭar, hɪləm/ |
| 195 | dry | ziya, hişk | /ziːˈjɑː, həʃḳ/ |
| 196 | correct | durust | /dɜɾɜst/ |
| 197 | near | nêz, nêzî, nêzîk | /nɪz, nɪziː, nɪziːḳ/ |
| 198 | far | dûr | /duːr/ |
| 199 | right | rast | /rɑːsṭ/ |
| 200 | left | çep | /tʃap/ |
| 201 | at | cem, li, ba | /ʤam, lə, bɑː/ |
| 202 | in | di ... da, li, (h)indir | /də ... dɑː, lə, (h)əndər/ |
| 203 | with | tev, bi ... ra, tev ra, pê ra, hev ra | /tav, bə ... rɑː, tav rɑː, ṗɪ rɑː, hav rɑː/ |
| 204 | and | û | /uː/ |
| 205 | if | eg, ge(h), ger, eger, heger, hege, heg | /ag, gaʰ, gar, agar, hagar, haga, hag/ |
| 206 | because | ber ku, çim kî, ji bo, ji ber | /bar ḳɜ, tʃəm ḳiː, ʒə bɔ, ʒə bar/ |
| 207 | name | nam, nav | /nɑːm, nɑːv/ |
User:Rênas Îbranûm Dêyako/Swadesh lists
Remark:
When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, transitive and intransitive), the orthography is the following: ● verbs : infinitive before conjugation, and even auxiliary verbs too.
● this Swadesh list is more based on Kurmanji which known as north Kurdish.
● the letter ( k ) represents separate auxiliary verb (kerden/kirin) before conjugation, as (deh) for (dan), and (beh) for (bûn).
● almost all Kurdish sound of vowel / ɪ / in western accents turns to vowel sound / e / in eastern accents.
Rênas Îbranûm Dêyako (talk) 22:15, 1 February 2022 (UTC)