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My Notes on MICROCHIPS***

Organ chips are devices containing hollow microvessels filled with cells simulating tissue and/or organs as a microfluidic system that can provide key chemical and electrical signal information.[1] [2] [3] Organ chips are also known as, "organ-on-a-chip," OoCs, or "microphysio-logical" systems, MPS.[3] [4] This information can create various applications such as creating "human in vitro models" for both healthy and diseased organs, drug advancements in toxicity screening as well as replacing animal testing.[5] Using 3D cell culture techniques enables scientists to recreate the complex extracellular matrix, ECM, found in in vivo to mimic human response to drugs and human diseases.[3] Organs on chips are used to reduce the failure rate in new drug development; microengineering these allows for a microenvironment to be modeled as an organ.[4] A liver-on-a-chip has been tested by Philip Morris Products SA in Switzerland to replicate the liver which is imperative for metabolizing drugs.[4] It was determined that the 3D organ-on-a-chip devices can detect signs of cytotoxicity in low drug concentrations; therefore, enabling a better prediction for a safety margin in early drug developments.[4]


Microchips

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Main article: Organ-on-a-chip

Scientists are developing palm-sized mock human organs, designed to test drugs and help understand the basic function of healthy or diseased organs.[6] Researchers are hopeful this technology may speed up drug development and make it less expensive.


Trachea

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Surgeons in Sweden performed the first implantation of a synthetic trachea in July 2011, for a 36-year-old patient who was suffering from cancer. Stem cells taken from the patient's hip were treated with growth factors and incubated on a plastic replica of his natural trachea.[7] In another study of seven patients ranging in ages 14-48 years old, each had an artificial trachea implanted, made of memory alloy mesh; each healed without complications.[8] Other cases have been documented where artificial tracheas are treated with bone marrow stem cells to simulate organic tissue.[9]



An artificial organ is an engineered device or tissue that is implanted or integrated into a human — interfacing with living tissue — to replace a natural organ, to duplicate or augment a specific function or functions so the patient may return to a normal life as soon as possible. [10] The replaced function does not have to be related to life support, but it often is. For example, replacement bones and joints, such as those found in hip replacements, could also be considered artificial organs.[11][12]

Implied by definition, is that the device must not be continuously tethered to a stationary power supply or other stationary resources such as filters or chemical processing units. (Periodic rapid recharging of batteries, refilling of chemicals, and/or cleaning/replacing of filters would exclude a device from being called an artificial organ.)[13] Thus, a dialysis machine, while a very successful and critically important life support device that almost completely replaces the duties of a kidney, is not an artificial organ.

Notes

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  1. ^ Henry, Olivier (30 May 2017). "Organs-on-chips with integrated electrodes for trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements of human epithelial barrier function". Royal Society of Chemistry. 17 (13): 2264–2271. doi:10.1039/C7LC00155J. PMC 5526048. PMID 28598479.
  2. ^ Zheng, Fuyin (22 February 2016). "Organ-on-a-Chip Systems: Microengineering to Biomimic Living Systems". Small. 12 (17): 2253–2282. doi:10.1002/smll.201503208. PMID 26901595. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Phan, Duc (9 January 2017). "A vascularized and perfused organ-on-a-chip platform for large-scale drug screening applications". Royal Society of Chemistry. 17 (3): 511–520. doi:10.1039/C6LC01422D. PMC 6995340. PMID 28092382. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Bovard, David (21 August 2017). "Organs-on-a-chip". Sage Journals. 1. doi:10.1177/2397847317726351. S2CID 209554015. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  5. ^ Zheng, Fuyin (22 February 2016). "Organ-on-a-Chip Systems: Microengineering to Biomimic Living Systems". Small. 12 (17): 2253–2282. doi:10.1002/smll.201503208. PMID 26901595. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  6. ^ Richard Harris (2 January 2015). "Researchers Create Artificial Organs On Microchips". NPR.
  7. ^ "Cancer Patient Gets First Totally Artificial Windpipe". NPR. 2011-07-08. Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  8. ^ Zhao, Wei (2016 Jan 5). "Clinical Experience of Zhao's Artificial Trachea". Chinese Medical Journal. 129 (1): 95–97. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.172602. PMC 4797551. PMID 26712440. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ CYRANOSKI, David (4 December 2014). "Artificial Tracheas under Scrutiny" (PDF). Nature. 516: 16-17. doi:10.1038/516016a. PMID 25471859. S2CID 4449465. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  10. ^ Catapano, G.; Verkerke, G.J. (2012). "Chapter 2: Artificial Organs". In Abu-Faraj, Z.O. (ed.). Handbook of Research on Biomedical Engineering Education and Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts - Volume 1. Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference. pp. 60–95. ISBN 9781466601239. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  11. ^ Gebelein, C.G. (1984). "Chapter 1: The Basics of Artificial Organs". In Gebelein, C.G. (ed.). Polymeric Materials and Artificial Organs (PDF). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1021/bk-1984-0256.ch001. ISBN 9780841208544. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  12. ^ "Artificial Organs". Reference.MD. RES, Inc. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  13. ^ Tang, R. (1998). "Artificial Organs". Bios. 69 (3): 119–122. JSTOR 4608470.

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