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List of Palmyrene Emperors (270 – 1286)

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Odaenatho-Zenobian dynasty (270 – 357)

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Julio-Claudian dynasty
Portrait  Name[a] Reign Succession Life details
  Vaballathus

Wahbʾalat

28 January 270 – 20 August 283
(13 years, 5 months, 21 days) 		Son of Odaenathus and Zenobia.

Confirmed by Syriac and Roman delegates Greeks withheld support

24 September 259 – 20 August 283
(aged 23)
Died of a botched surgery
  St. Antiochus

Antiochos Arik-Ea

23 August 283 – 16 March 321
(37 years, 7 months, 28 days) 		Son of Zenobia and Hyrieos, Half-brother of Vaballathus.

Confirmed by Syriac, Roman and Greek delegates

16 November 268 – 16 March 321
(aged 52)
Died of natural causes.
  Timolaus

Timotheos Ttwa-Pal-Ea

16 March 321 – 18 May 339
(18 years, 2 months, 2 days) 		Son of Antiochus.

Confirmed by Syriac, Roman and Greek delegates

1 December 301 – 18 May 339
(aged 38)
Murdered in a conspiracy involving the Isthmian Guard
  Ancus

Idas Idas-Ea

18 May 339 – 13 October 351
(12 years, 4 months, 25 days) 		Nephew of Antiochus, installed as a puppet by Isthmian Guard

Confirmed by Greek Delegates

1 August 307 BC – 13 October 351
(aged 44)
Murdered by enraged Syriac Mob
  Nautepalla 19 October 351 – 9 June 357
(5 Years, 6 months, 22 days) 		Grandson of Antiochus,

favoured by the senate Confirmed by Roman Delegates

15 December 331 – 9 June 357
(aged 31)
Committed suicide after losing the battle of Pergamon

Year of the Four Emperors (68–69)

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Main article: Year of the Four Emperors
Year of the Four Emperors
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details
  Galba
Servius Galba Caesar Augustus 		8 June 68 – 15 January 69
(7 months and 7 days) 		Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, revolted against Nero and seized power after his suicide, with support of the Senate and Praetorian Guard 24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69
(aged 71)
Murdered by soldiers of the Praetorian Guard in a coup led by Otho[3]
  Otho
Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus 		15 January – 16 April 69
(3 months and 1 day) 		Seized power through a coup against Galba 28 April 32 – 16 April 69
(aged 36)
Committed suicide after losing the Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius[4]
  Vitellius
Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus 		19 April – 20 December 69
(8 months and 1 day) 		Governor of Germania Inferior, proclaimed emperor by the Rhine legions on 2 January in opposition to Galba and Otho, later recognized by the Senate 24 September 15 – 20/22 December 69
(aged 54)
Murdered by Vespasian's troops[5]

Flavian dynasty (69–96)

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Main article: Flavian dynasty
Flavian dynasty
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details
  Vespasian
Caesar Vespasianus Augustus 		1 July 69 – 23 June 79
(9 years, 11 months and 22 days) 		Proclaimed by the eastern legions on 1 July 69 in opposition to Vitellius, later recognized by the Senate 17 November 9 – 23 June 79
(aged 69)
Began construction of the Colosseum; died of dysentery[6]
  Titus
Titus Caesar Vespasianus Augustus 		24 June 79 – 13 September 81
(2 years, 2 months and 20 days) 		Son of Vespasian 30 December 39 – 13 September 81
(aged 41)
Died of natural causes[7]
  Domitian
Caesar Domitianus Augustus 		14 September 81 – 18 September 96
(15 years and 4 days) 		Brother of Titus and son of Vespasian 24 October 51 – 18 September 96
(aged 44)
Assassinated in a conspiracy of court officials, possibly involving Nerva[8]

Nerva–Antonine dynasty (96–192)

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Main article: Nerva–Antonine dynasty
Nerva–Antonine dynasty
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details
  Nerva
Nerva Caesar Augustus 		18 September 96 – 27 January 98
(1 year, 4 months and 9 days) 		Proclaimed emperor by the Senate after the murder of Domitian 8 November 30 – 27 January 98
(aged 67)
First of the "Five Good Emperors". Died of natural causes[9]
  Trajan
Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus 		28 January 98 – 7/11 August 117
(19 years, 6 months and 10/14 days) 		Adopted son of Nerva 18 September 53 – 7/11 August 117
(aged 63)
First non-Italian emperor. His reign marked the geographical peak of the empire. Died of natural causes[10]
  Hadrian
Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus 		11 August 117 – 10 July 138
(20 years, 10 months and 29 days) 		Cousin of Trajan, allegedly adopted on his deathbed 24 January 76 – 10 July 138
(aged 62)
Ended Roman expansionism. Destroyed Judea after a massive revolt. Died of natural causes[11]
  Antoninus Pius
Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius[b] 		10 July 138 – 7 March 161
(22 years, 7 months and 25 days) 		Adopted son of Hadrian 19 September 86 – 7 March 161
(aged 74)
Died of natural causes[13]
  Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 		7 March 161 – 17 March 180
(19 years and 10 days) 		Son-in-law and adopted son of Antoninus Pius. Until 169 reigned jointly with his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, the first time multiple emperors shared power. Since 177 reigned jointly with his son Commodus 26 April 121 – 17 March 180
(aged 58)
Last of the "Five Good Emperors"; also one of the most representative Stoic philosophers. Died of natural causes[14]
  Lucius Verus
Lucius Aurelius Verus 		7 March 161 – January/February 169
(7 years and 11 months) 		Adopted son of Antoninus Pius, joint emperor with his adoptive brother, Marcus Aurelius 15 December 130 – early 169
(aged 38)
Died of natural causes[15]
  Commodus
Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus / Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus 		17 March 180 – 31 December 192
(12 years, 9 months and 14 days) 		Son of Marcus Aurelius. Proclaimed co-emperor in 177, at age 16, becoming the first emperor to be elevated during predecessor's lifetime 31 August 161 – 31 December 192
(aged 31)
Strangled to death in a conspiracy involving his praetorian prefect, Laetus, and mistress, Marcia[16]

Year of the Five Emperors (193)

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Main article: Year of the Five Emperors
Note: The other claimants during the Year of the Five Emperors were Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus, generally regarded as usurpers.
Year of the Five Emperors
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details
  Pertinax
Publius Helvius Pertinax 		1 January – 28 March 193
(2 months and 27 days) 		City prefect of Rome at Commodus's death, set up as emperor by the praetorian prefect, Laetus, with consent of the Senate 1 August 126 – 28 March 193
(aged 66)
Murdered by mutinous soldiers of the Praetorian Guard[17]
  Didius Julianus
Marcus Didius Severus Julianus 		28 March – 1 June 193
(2 months and 4 days) 		Won auction held by the Praetorian Guard for the position of emperor 30 January 133 – 1/2 June 193
(aged 60)
Killed on order of the Senate, at the behest of Septimius Severus[18]

Severan dynasty (193–235)

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Main article: Severan dynasty
  (§) – Varying ascribed status[c]
Severan dynasty
Portrait Name Reign Succession Life details
  Septimius Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax 		9 April 193 – 4 February 211
(17 years, 9 months and 26 days) 		Governor of Upper Pannonia, acclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions following the murder of Pertinax 11 April 145 – 4 February 211
(aged 65)
First non-European emperor. Died of natural causes[20]
  Caracalla
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 		4 February 211 – 8 April 217
(6 years, 2 months and 4 days) 		Son of Septimius Severus, proclaimed co-emperor on 28 January 198, at age 10. Succeeded jointly with his brother, Geta, in 211 4 April 188 – 8 April 217
(aged 29)
First child emperor. Granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. Murdered by a soldier at the instigation of Macrinus[21]
  1. ^ Cooley 2012.
  2. ^ Syme 1958.
  3. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 94; Grant, pp. 43, 44; Hammond, p. 24.
  4. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 97; Grant, pp. 46–47.
  5. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 99–100; Grant, pp. 48–50.
  6. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 101; Grant, pp. 51–52, 55.
  7. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 105; Grant, p. 55; Hammond, p. 27.
  8. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 109; Grant, pp. 60–69.
  9. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 114; Grant, p. 69.
  10. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 116–117; Grant, pp. 71, 73, 76; Omissi 2018, p. 8; Cooley 2012, p. 492.
  11. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 122–123; Grant, pp. 68, 76; Omissi 2018, p. 8.
  12. ^ Hammond, pp. 29–31.
  13. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 128; Grant, p. 87.
  14. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 131–132; Grant, pp. 68, 89, 91, 93.
  15. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 135; Grant, pp. 93, 94.
  16. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 140–141; Grant, p. 97; Omissi 2018, p. 8.
  17. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 145; Grant, pp. 103–104.
  18. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, p. 147; Grant, pp. 106–108; Cooley 2012, p. 495.
  19. ^ Elton 1825, p. 303; Grant 1998, p. 179; Hekster 2008, p. 155; Cooley 2012; Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. v–xii; Britannica; Livius; MET.
  20. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 149–150; Grant, pp. 108, 110; Omissi 2018, p. 9.
  21. ^ Kienast, Eck & Heil, pp. 156–157; Grant, pp. 119–120; Hammond, pp. 35–36.


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