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User:RightCowLeftCoast/Sandbox/Smuggler's Gulch

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Smuggler's Gulch
Cañon del Matadero
A valley, with schrub vegetation, a border barrier in the distance
Looking south within Smuggler's Gulch from Monument Road
Smuggler's Gulch is located in North America
Smuggler's Gulch
Smuggler's Gulch
Extreme southwest corner of the United States
Geography
LocationTijuana River Watershed
Population centersTijuana
Tijuana River Valley, San Diego
Coordinates32°32′28″N 117°05′16″W / 32.5412284°N 117.0878971°W / 32.5412284; -117.0878971 
Traversed byMexico-United States barrier
Mexican Federal Highway 1D

Smuggler's Gulch (Spanish: Cañon del Matadero or Valle Montezuma ) is a steep walled canyon, that is 14 miles (23 km) inland of the Pacific Ocean. Smuggling activities within the gulch has occurred since the 19th Century, which gave the canyon its name. The gulch is vegetated with coastal sage scrub, and is home to threatened and special concern bird species. It has a seasonal stream, and normal flow is diverted for treatment. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, agriculture occurred in the gulch, but was largely abandoned by the late 20th century. In the late 20th century, the gulch was used by illegal immigrants when crossing from Mexico into the United States, being described as a "prime route" during that period. It is on the Mexico-United States border, and since 2009 has been partially filled and transverse by the Mexico-United States barrier. Sewage flows through the gulch into the Tijuana River when it rains.

Flora and fauna

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The flora of the gulch consist of coastal sage scrub.[1]: 85  In the early 20th Century, golden-spined cereus (bergerocactus emoryi ) existed within the gulch, it is listed by the California Native Plant Society as a rare plant.[1]: 85 [2] In 2015, a small number of singlewhorl burrobrush (ambrosia monogyra) were documented near the mouth of the gulch, it too is listed as a rare plant by the California Native Plant Society.[3]: 6 [4]

Near and in the gulch, a few threatened and special concern species have been observed. These include the coastal california gnatcatcher (polioptila californica californica), and the northern harrier (circus cyaneus).[3]: 7 

Geography

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The gulch is a steep walled canyon, 14 miles (23 km) inland of the Pacific Ocean.[5]: Sedimentation And Erosion Study: 1, 3  In the mid-19th century, Smuggler's Gulch had marshland and ponds of water.[1]: 70  A stream which originates from the gulch had drained into the Tijuana River;[1]: 82  the watershed of the gulch, a sub-watershed of the larger Tijuana River watershed, is about 6.7 square miles (17 km2) and is mostly in Mexico.[3]: 2–3  The stream only flows seasonally during the winter months, although when the base flow is absent sewage from Mexico would follow the path of the creek, if it were not for it being diverted for treatment.[5]: Sedimentation And Erosion Study: 6  A alluvial fan formed at the northern mouth of the gulch, due to colluvium deposits.[1]: 116, 118  A natural spring had existed within the gulch.[6]: 16  At some point in the past, before 2015, the stream was funneled into a 20 feet (6.1 m) wide agricultural channel which flows into the Tijuana River[3]: 2  this channel is connected to the gulch via an earthen channel which ends at Monument Road.[7]: 23 

History

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Dating back thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, the Kumeyaay lived in the area in and around the gulch.[6]: 1 [8]: 11–14  Melijo, a Native American village, existed north of the gulch;[6]: 2 [9] some of its inhabitants took part in the 1775 attack on Mission San Diego de Alcalá.[8]: 15 [a] During the Mexican period, the gulch was part of Rancho Melijo.[8]: 15 [11] Following the Mexican–American War, monuments were placed along the Mexico-United States Border; monument 256 was placed near the gulch.[9][12] The canyon began to be referred to as Smuggler's Gulch as far back as the 1880s, due to smuggling of livestock from Mexico into the United States.[13][b] Other items smuggled through the gulch were cigars, and lace undergarments.[13] In 1889, a schoolhouse was built near the mouth of the gulch, and continued to operate until 1941; prior to its closing, it had been the southwest most school in the United States.[16]: 12 [c]

In the early 20th Century, prior to the American entry into World War II, about a dozen families settled within the gulch; they included the Satterlee, Welcome, Smallcomb, Brehlmeier, and Coones families, with most involved in agriculture.[6]: 16  After World War II, mining occurred within the gulch.[1]: 63 [6]: 16  By the 1970s, significant croplands which had existed with the Tijuana River Valley began to be abandoned, with exception to those near the mouths of the gulch and nearby Goat Canyon.[1]: 50  Beginning in the 1970s, contaminated water began to flow through the gulch, due to uncontrolled development that occurred as Tijuana began to grow into the gulch south of the border.[11] In the 1980s tens of thousands of people illegally immigrating into the United States, passed through the gulch, and were subject to rape and robbery by criminals who targeted them;[13] the next decade, the gulch continued to be a common route for smuggling of illegal immigrants into the United States.[17] National Geographic referred to the gulch as the "prime route" for illegal entry into the United States during the 1990s.[18] At the heights of its utilization for illegal entry into the United States, more than 10% of the 1.2 million apprehended illegal aliens were captured within the gulch.[19]

Beginning in the latter half of the 1980s work began to collect sewage flows within the gulch, however it was insufficient to capture all of it, with over 100,000 US gallons (380 kL) continuing into the estuary every day in 1987.[11] In the 1990s, the City of San Diego purchased land at the mouth of the gulch, and utilized as a toxic waste dump, importing contaminated soils from Sorrento Valley.[11] By the mid-1990s, millions of gallons of sewage were flowing through the gulch, leading to additional attempts to mitigate the issue by construction of additional pumps and pipes to the then-newly constructed International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant;[11] however these pumps are insufficient to collect the polluted waters from Tijuana when it rains, which then flow into the Tijuana River.[20]

Barrier construction

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Cañon del Matadero south of the Mexico-United States border, as seen from the southeast, in 2008

In 1996, the United States Congress, approved construction of fencing from the Pacific Ocean to 14 miles (23 km) inland along the Mexico-United States Border.[21] In 2002, a Border Patrol agent died when her vehicle toppled down the gulch's steep slopes.[13] In February 2004, the California Coastal Commission had construction of the Mexico-United States barrier halted, seeking the United States federal government to make additional environmental concessions in regards to border barrier construction;[22] this action was criticized in The American Spectator.[23] Beginning in 2005, environmental laws were waived, as authorized by the Real ID Act, in order for the Mexico-United States barrier to be built in the gulch, and in nearby Goat Canyon.[13][22] These proposed actions were criticized by various people and organizations, including the Sierra Club[17][24][25] In 2005, while there had been existed a fence made of corrugated landing strips, 127,000 illegal aliens were apprehended in the area.[26] In August 2008, barrier construction in the gulch began;[21] work was contracted to Kiewit Corporation.[27]

 
Mexico-United States barrier in Smuggler's Gulch, as seen from the northwest, in 2009

In July 2009, work was completed on the project in the gulch;[28] it cost $58 million, and utilized 72,000 dump truck loads to fill in the 230 feet (70 m) high gulch.[29] The amount of dirt moved was about 2,100,000 cubic feet (59,000 m3);[11] the dirt came from the mesas nearby the gulch, within Border Field State Park.[16]: 15  Atop the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long fill, is a road, lighting, and a triple barrier.[30] The filling of the gulch is one of the most expensive parts of the Mexico-United States barrier.[31] At the base of the filled in portion of the gulch are two 10 feet (3.0 m) by 10 feet (3.0 m) culverts to allow water flow.[15]

In 2010, irrigation was installed on the fill, to encourage growth of vegetation to reduce erosion, which would assist in stabilizing the earthen fill.[32] Beginning in October 2011, native vegetation began to be installed by United States Customs and Border Protection in order to rehabilitate areas affected by the installation of the border barrier across the gulch.[33]: 29  After the barrier was completed in the gulch the area has been described as "nearly impenetrable";[34] however, even with these alterations to the terrain, it has not stopped all smuggling.[35] As recently as June 2019, a small number of people have continued to evade CBP agents within the gulch.[36] Due to the decrease of people crossing the border in the gulch, sensitive areas in the Tijuana River Estuary are no longer trampled on.[25]

Following the construction of the border barrier in the gulch, a water channel was created to allow water from the gulch to flow into the Tijuana River; this channel is dredged and excavated yearly to remove trash, debris, and sands, which clog the channel.[37] These items that are removed originate from Tijuana are waste from various sources, including hospitals, and home construction.[38] A sediment basin was built in the gulch in 2006;[33]: 8 [39] when the basins are emptied about 15,000 cubic yards (11,000 m3) of trash and sediment are removed;[33]: 8  removed sediment is deposited in a former quarry located in the Tijuana River Valley.[40]

As of October 2015, the gulch south of Monument Road, and north of the Mexico-United States barrier, is owned by the County of San Diego.[7]: 23, 25 

Notes

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  1. ^

    Site CA-SDI-10669 was first recorded by Florence Shipek in 1976 as a possible location of the ethnographically-recorded Kumeyaay village of Mellejo. Since that time, an assortment of surface and subsurface discoveries has been attributed to CA-SDI-10669, resulting in the documentation of an extensive shell and lithic scatter by Seth Rosenberg in 2008.

    — [10]

    Unfortunately, the predominance of mottled deposits including modern trash intermixed with elements of the prehistoric occupation of the area indicated that this portion of Site CA-SDI-10669 did not retain integrity.

    — [10]
  2. ^ In Mexico, the canyon goes by multiple names. One is "Canon del Matadero".[14] Another name for the gulch is "Valle Montezuma".[15]
  3. ^ As of 2015, the building still exists as a private residence and had moved from its original location onto private property.[16]: 12 

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g San Francisco Estuary Institute-Aquatic Science Center; Safran, Samuel; Baumgarten, Sean; Beller, Erin; Crooks, Jeff; Grossinger, Robin; Lorda, Julio; Longcore, Travis; Bram, Danielle; Dark, Shawna; Stein, Eric; McIntosh, Tyler (January 2017). Tijuana River Valley Historical Ecology Investigation (PDF) (Report). The California State Coastal Conservancy. Retrieved 22 June 2019 – via Southern California Coastal Water Research Project.
  2. ^ "Bergerocactus emoryi". Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California. California Native Plant Society. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Joshi, Vipul (1 June 2015). Individual Biological Assesment Report: Tijuana River Pilot Channel and Smuggler's Gulch Channel (PDF) (Report). City of San Diego. Tijuana River Pilot Channel & Smuggler's Gulch FY 15/16. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  4. ^ "Ambrosia monogyra". Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California. California Native Plant Society. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  5. ^ a b Environmental Impact Statement for the Completion of the 14-Mile Border Infrastructure System San Diego, California: Volume II Appendices. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Homeland Security. July 2003 – via Northwestern University Library.
  6. ^ a b c d e Schoenherr, Steven (July 2015). "The Tijuana River Valley Historic Sites". South Bay Historical Society Bulletin (9). Retrieved 22 June 2019 – via City of Chula Vista.
  7. ^ a b Dudek; Evans, Bryan (October 2015). Final: Channel Maintenance Special Study - Tijuana River (PDF) (Report). City of San Diego. Retrieved 25 June 2019 – via California Water Boards.
  8. ^ a b c Dudek; Brad Comeau (1 July 2016). 2016 Substantial Conformance Review for Individual Maintenance Plan (IMP) and Individual Technical Assessments for Tijuana River Pilot Channel and Smuggler's Gulch, City of San Diego Site Development: Permit No. 1134892, Master Storm Water System Maintenance Program (PDF) (Report). City of San Diego. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  9. ^ a b Zaragoza, Barbara. "Boundary Monument #256". South Bay Compass. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  10. ^ a b Dudek; Comeau, Brad (15 July 2015). Master Storm Water System Maintenance Program – Tijuana River Valley Channel Maintenance Project Individual Historical Assessment (PDF) (Report). City of San Diego. p. 17. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Schoenherr, Steve (1 March 2015). "Tijuana River Valley". Sunnycv.com. South Bay Historical Society. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  12. ^ Zaragoza, Barbara (23 June 2015). "The San Diego-Tijuana Boundary Monuments". San Diego Free Press. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d e Marosi, Richard (4 January 2009). "U.S. smooths away an illegal border crossing wrinkle". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  14. ^ Spagat, Elliot (15 August 2008). "Construction begins on $57M San Diego border fence". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  15. ^ a b Grimm, Ernie (29 April 2009). "State of the U.S.-Mexican border fence in 2009". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  16. ^ a b c Zaragoza, Barbara (April 2015). "The San Diego-Tijuana Boundary Monuments". South Bay Historical Society Bulletin (8). Retrieved 22 June 2019 – via City of Chula Vista.
  17. ^ a b Beaubien, Jason (6 February 2009). "Border Fence Yields Showdown At Smuggler's Gulch". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  18. ^ Delano, James Whitlow (4 March 2016). "This Is What the U.S.-Mexico Border Wall Actually Looks Like". National Geographic. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  19. ^ Elsworth, Catherine (7 July 2005). "Smuggler's Gulch gap to be fenced in". Telegraph. United Kingdom. Retrieved 22 June 2019. But Congress insists that a critical breach in border security, where nearly 12 per cent of the 1.2 million illegal aliens arrested last year were captured, has to be closed.
  20. ^ Smith, Joshua Emerson (27 May 2019). "Sewage flows from Tijuana completely shutter Imperial Beach shoreline". The Morning Call. Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
    Rivera, Salvador (14 February 2019). "Drivers urged not to cross flooded roads in Tijuana River Valley". KSWB-TV. San Diego. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  21. ^ a b "Construction begins on San Diego border fence". NBC News. Associated Press. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  22. ^ a b Chad C. Haddal (2010). Border Security: Barriers Along the U. S. International Border. DIANE Publishing. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-4379-1970-7.
    Nuñez-Neto, Blas; Viña, Stephen (21 September 2006). Border Security: Barriers Along the U.S. International Border (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. CRS-6. Retrieved 26 June 2019 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
    Stanley D. Brunn (19 March 2011). Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1714–1716. ISBN 978-90-481-9920-4.
  23. ^ Jackson, K. Andrew (23 February 2004). "Habitat for Terrorism". The American Spectator. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  24. ^ Euphrat, Katie (8 August 2013). "How Environmentalists Lost Their Battle Against the Border Fence". PBS News Hour. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
    "The California Border Wall's Environmental Toll" (PDF). Sierra Club. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
    Knight, Deborah (31 January 2003). "An INS project threatens Southern California lands". Grist. Seattle. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
    Walsh, Victor A. (January 2009). "Tragedy Unfolds: A Federal plan without foresight". Save Our Heritage Organisation. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
    Zimmerman, Eilene (12 December 2005). "Against the wall". Salon. San Francisco: Salon Media Group Inc. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  25. ^ a b Schachter, Aaron; Replogle, Jill (8 August 2013). "Border Fence Skirts Environmental Review". Public Radio International. Minneapolis. Retrieved 27 June 2019. Walking along the border, activist Mike McCoy admits that the environmental impact of all this fencing through the Tijuana River estuary hasn't been "all bad." Illegal crossers used to tromp through sensitive areas in the estuary. And he does understand the need for a secure border.
  26. ^ Cooper, Anderson (28 April 2006). "Rush Limbaugh Case Settled; Big Oil and the White House; A Day Without Immigrants". CNN. United States. Retrieved 27 June 2019. Here, the wall is about 7 feet tall. It's actually a corrugated landing strip from the Vietnam era. One hundred and twenty-seven thousand illegals were caught in this area alone last year.
  27. ^ Schwab, Charles (16 August 2008). "$57 million border fence". SFGate. San Francisco. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  28. ^ Isackson, Amy (6 July 2009). "Border Patrol Celebrates Completion of Smuggler's Gulch Fence". KPBS. San Diego. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  29. ^ Innes, Stephanie (14 July 2016). "BEYOND THE WALL: COSTLY ANSWER IN CALIFORNIA ALTERING THE LANDSCAPE (Lee)". Arizona Daily Star. Tuscon. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  30. ^ Ronald Rael (4 April 2017). Borderwall as Architecture: A Manifesto for the U.S.-Mexico Boundary. Univ of California Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-520-28394-7.
    Reynolds, Emma (18 November 2016). "How Donald Trump's Great Wall will actually look". News Corp Australia. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  31. ^ Michael Dear (16 January 2013). Why Walls Won't Work: Repairing the US-Mexico Divide. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-19-932390-6.
  32. ^ Davis, Rob (14 February 2010). "Border Patrol: 'We're Not Walking Away'". Voice of San Diego. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  33. ^ a b c Gibson, David (January 2012). Tijuna River Valley Recovery Team: Recovery Strategy Living with the Water (PDF) (Report). Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Diego Region. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  34. ^ Spagat, Elliot (7 February 2019). "US Barrier's Tricky Course Past Homes, Tiny Shrine in Tijuana Illustrates Border-Long Conundrum". KNBC. Los Angeles. Retrieved 26 June 2019. An area called "Smuggler's Gulch" became nearly impenetrable.
  35. ^ Graham, Marty (31 March 2014). "Smugglers try the horse trick at Smugglers Gulch". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  36. ^ Ong, Jermaine (19 June 2019). "Emergency crews attempt rescue at 'Smuggler's Gulch' near US-Mexico border". KGTV. San Diego. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  37. ^ Matter, Gene (29 June 2017). "SPL-2009-00719-RRS" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. United States Army. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  38. ^ Graham, Marty (6 June 217). "Border Patrol on Tijuana River gains respect from enviros". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  39. ^ Roper, Tessa; Phillips, Clay; Brubaker, Don; Crooks, Jeff; Tiption, Anne Marie; Goodrich, Kristen; Romo, Oscar; Peregrin, Chris; Abbott, Greg (September 2010). Comprehensive Management Plan (PDF) (Report). Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  40. ^ Park Advisory Committee (PDF) (Report). County of San Diego Parks and Recreation. 8 February 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
    Jenniches, Sam (2 February 2017). Nelson Sloan Quarry Restoration Plan and Environmental Review (PDF) (Report). California State Coastal Conservancy. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
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