Roko970/Calypso bulbosa | |
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Calypso bulbosa, in Anacortes, Washington (state) | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Orchidaceae |
Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
Tribe: | Epidendreae |
Subtribe: | Calypsoinae |
Genus: | Calypso Salisb. |
Species: | C. bulbosa
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Binomial name | |
Calypso bulbosa | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Calypso is a genus of orchids containing one species, Calypso bulbosa, known as the calypso orchid, fairy slipper or Venus's slipper. It is a perennial member of the orchid family found in undisturbed northern and montane forests. It has a small pink, purple, pinkish-purple, or red flower accented with a white lip, darker purple spottings, and yellow beard. The genus Calypso takes its name from the Greek signifying concealment, as they tend to favor sheltered areas on conifer forest floors. The specific epithet, bulbosa, refers to the bulb-like corms.[2]
Description
editCalypso bulbosa is a deciduous, perennial, herbaceous tuberous geophyte with a round, egg-shaped tuber as a perennial organ. It is encased in dead leaf sheaths and has elongated roots. Calypso orchids are typically 8 to 20 cm in height.[2] At the bottom there is only a single leaf, which is stalked up to about 7 cm long. The leaves are whole elliptical lanceolate to egg-shaped blade is up to 6 cm long and up to 5 cm wide.
Plant blooms with a purple-pink hermaphroditic, zygomorphic and threefold flower. The protruding petals and sepals are pink to purple in color, about 10 to 12 millimeters long and about 2 to 4 millimeters wide. The lip (labellum) is white to pink with pink or yellow spots. It has a wide, shoe-shaped cavity in the back and is about 15 to 25 millimeters long. A spur is absent. They do not bloom until May and June usually after snow melt. Each bulb lives no more than five years.[2]
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Flowers
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Leaf Top
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Leaf underside
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White form of Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis
Taxonomy and systematics
editThe chromosomes count is 2n = 28. Since the orchid seed does not provide any nutrient tissue, germination only takes place when infected by a mycorrhizal root fungus.
Taxonomy
editThe generic name Calypso Salisb, which is still valid today. was described in 1806 by the English gardener Richard Anthony Salisbury (1761-1829) in the work "Paradisus Londinensis", which Salisbury with the then director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in London, William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865), published. Carl von Linné originally assigned the Calypso bulbosa to the genus Cypripedium in 1753. But Calypso and Cypripedium now belong to two different subfamilies.[citation needed]
The following generic names have been published as synonyms:
- Cytherea Salisb. (1812)
- Orchidium Sw. (1814)
- Calypsodium Link (1829)
- Norna Wahlenb. (1833)
The valid botanical species name of the Calypso orchid is Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes 1842.
The Basionym Cypripedium bulbosum L. 1753 was described by Linné in "Species Plantarum".
The species names listed here are used as synonyms:
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C. bulbosa in "Paradisus Londinensis"
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Illustration of Calypso bulbosa as Cypripedium bulbosum by Johann Jacob Roemer in Flora Europaea inchoata (1797)
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Illustration of Calypso bulbosa (as syn. Calypso borealis) in "Curtis's Botanical Magazine" vol.54 (N.S. 1) pl. 2763 (1827)
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Calypso bulbosa Rchb. F. by Kränzlin, Friedrich; Müller, Walter in Abbildungen der in Deutschland und den angrenzenden gebieten vorkommenden grundformen der orchideenarten (1904)
- Varieties
Four natural varieties and one nothovariety (variety of hybrid origin but established in the wild) are recognized:[3]
Image | Subspecies | Distribution |
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Calypso bulbosa var. americana (R.Br.) Luer | most of Canada, western and northern United States |
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Calypso bulbosa var. bulbosa | Sweden, Finland, Baltic States, much of Russia, Mongolia, Korea |
Calypso bulbosa nothovar. kostiukiae Catling | Alberta (C. bulbosa var. americana × C. bulbosa var. occidentalis) | |
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Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis (Holz.) Cockerell | from Alaska and British Columbia south through the Cascades, Rockies, and Sierra Nevada to California |
Calypso bulbosa var. speciosa (Schltr.) Makino | Japan, China (Gansu, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan)[4] |
Distribution
edit![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Calypso_bulbosa_-_Flickr_004.jpg/220px-Calypso_bulbosa_-_Flickr_004.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Calypso_bulbosa_clump1.jpg/220px-Calypso_bulbosa_clump1.jpg)
This species' range is circumpolar,[5] and includes California, the Rocky Mountain states and most of the most northerly states of the United States; most of Canada; Scandinavia much of European and Asiatic Russia; China, Mongolia, Korea and Japan—see external links for map.[3][6] It is found in subarctic swamps and marshes as well as shady places subarctic coniferous forests. Although the calypso orchid's distribution is wide, it is very susceptible to disturbance, and is therefore classified as threatened or endangered in several U. S. states and in Sweden and Finland.
Ecology
editCalypso bulbosa has a variety of mycorrhizal relationships, including the following:[7][8][9][10]
Ceratobasidiaceae:
- Thanatephorus pennatus
Leptodontidiaceae:
- Leptodontidium orchidicola
- Phialocephala fortinii
- Epulorhiza repens
- Epulorhiza anaticula
Protomerulius, which falls under the order Auriculariales, also has a symbiosis with the orchid.[7] Calypso bulbosa exhibits high mycoheterotrophy with the presence of coralloid rhizomes, a rare feature of the species.[7][9] It does not transplant well[2] owing to its mycorrhizal dependence on specific soil fungi.
At least near Banff, Alberta, the calypso orchid is pollinated by bumble bees (Bombus (Pyrobombus) and B. Psithyrus). It relies on "pollination by deception", as it attracts insects to anther-like yellow hairs at the entrance to the pouch and forked nectary-like structures at the end of the pouch but produces no nectar that would nourish them. Insects quickly learn not to revisit it. Avoiding such recognition may account for some of the small variation in the flower's appearance.[6][11]
Cultivation
editThe corms have been used as a food source by North American native peoples. The Nlaka'pamux of British Columbia used it as a treatment for mild epilepsy.[12]
References
edit- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Need reference Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d Coleman, Ronald A. (2002), The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico, Nature, pp. 21–26, ISBN 0-8014-3950-7, retrieved 2009-06-27
- ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Flora of China v 25 p 252, 布袋兰 bu dai lan, Calypso bulbosa var. speciosa
- ^ C.Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. Calypso bulbosa. Encyclopedia of Life.
- ^ a b Boyden, Thomas C. (1982), "The pollination biology of Calypso bulbosa var. Americana (Orchidaceae): Initial deception of bumblebee visitors", Oecologia, 55 (2): 178–184, Bibcode:1982Oecol..55..178B, doi:10.1007/bf00384485, PMID 28311231, S2CID 12587703
- ^ a b c Suetsugu, Kenji; Matsubayashi, Jun (2021). "Subterranean morphology modulates the degree of mycoheterotrophy in a green orchid Calypso bulbosa exploiting wood-decaying fungi". Functional Ecology. 35 (10): 2305–2315 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
- ^ Currah, R. S.; Sigler, L.; Hambleton, S. (1987). "New records and new taxa fungi from the mycorrhizae of terrestrial orchids of Alberta". Canadian Journal of Botany. 65 (12): 2473–2482 – via Complementary Index.
- ^ a b Currah, R. S.; Hambleton, S.; Smreciu, A. (1988). "Mycorrhizae and Mycorrhizal Fungi of Calypso bulbosa". American Journal of Botany. 75 (5): 739–752 – via JSTOR Journals.
- ^ Currah, R. S. (1987). "Thanatephorus pennatus sp. nov. isolated from mycorrhizal roots of Calypso bulbosa (Orchidaceae) from Alberta". Canadian Journal of Botany. 65 (9): 1957–1960 – via Complementary Index.
- ^ Mosquin, T. (1970), "The Reproductive Biology of Calypso bulbosa (Orchidaceae)", Can. Field-Nat. (84): 291–296 Summarized by Coleman and by Boyden
- ^ Moerman, Daniel E. (1998), Native American ethnobotany, Timber Press, p. 133, ISBN 0-88192-453-9
External links
edit- Media related to Calypso Orchid (Calypso bulbosa) at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Calypso Orchid (Calypso bulbosa) at Wikispecies
- Map of distribution
- Jepson Manual treatment of the species
- Wild orchid of Japan