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I am using sandbox to practice making edits. The Wikipedia training has been created as a helpful tool for this.[1]

Helong

This language has become endangered as a result of its native speakers marrying those who do not speak Helong, and as a result of coming in contact with the outside community.[1][2]

The Language of Parya

1)     http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2010/silesr2010-014.Pdf[3]

  • Mainly live in Tajikistan (also Uzbekistan and Afghanistan) – 4 (used)
  • No more than 7,500 speakers (need 100,000 to not be at threat of extinction) – 4 (used)
  • Many speakers are bilingual in dominant languages of those surrounding them – 4 (used)
  • Unclassified language in the Indo-Aryan branch of  Indo-Iranian – 5 (used)
  • Tajikistan: largest Parya villages are Afghonobod, Qalai Hisor, Pravda Vostok, Boloi Kanal, and Kolkhozi Leninism – 5

2) https://www.ethnologue.com/language/paq[4]

  • other names: Afghana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Changgars, Laghmani, Pbharya (used)
  • Uzbek and Tajik men marrying Parya women tend to learn the language and assimilate (used)

3) http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4943[5]

  • classifications: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central Zone (used)

4) https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14324/TI[6]

  • main dialect: Marwari, which is related to Punjabi, which is related to an Afghanistan dialect (used)
  • many Parya people are farmers, primarily growing rice (used)
  • mostly Sunni Muslims (used)

5) http://globalrecordings.net/en/language/15511[7]

  • there are no other similar languages to Parya (not with the same ISO language code) (used)

6) http://dhcp-128-171-46-84.its.hawaii.edu/lang/4943?hl=en[8]

  • Parya is mostly only spoken with ones familiy and relations, and almost always in the home of native speakers (used)

7) https://books.google.com/books?id=6p6b5GQ4Q4YC&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238&dq=parya+endangered+language&source=bl&ots=qhtwoBGYIw&sig=zNwppxQNNx9_CyRqwAqFsbEmc00&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlqJH_tszSAhUW7WMKHfMJAAwQ6AEIMjAE#v=onepage&q=parya%20endangered%20language&f=false[9]

  • Parya community is estimiated to be around 3,000 as of right now - 238 (used)

8) http://chartsbin.com/view/1339[10]

  • Parya is severely endangered, meaning the language is mainly spoken by the older generations, understood by the middle generations, but not really used with the youngest generation (used)

9) https://books.google.com/books?id=kFVthqmDs_kC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=parya+endangered+language&source=bl&ots=6CtjO3kOJ0&sig=mvozyzlVisx_ya3gn905IiJ5Tok&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlqJH_tszSAhUW7WMKHfMJAAwQ6AEIQDAH#v=onepage&q=parya%20endangered%20language&f=false[11]

  • many Parya speakers are bilingual, but the Tajik language is making its way into the Parya language - 44 (used)

10) http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/29986863/Clifton_CLS_2010_Final_Paper.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1489170799&Signature=kIw%2Fh1dzvLlvtKjkkPqxuf6VGPs%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DStable_Multilingualism_in_Tajikstan.pdf[12]

  • the language is not officially recognized and isn't used in schools - 5 (used)

Parya

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Classification and Geography

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Parya is a language that is very close to becoming extinct. It is classified under Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, and the Central Zone[5] but is unclassified within the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-Iranian.[3] The language may also be referred to as Afgana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Changgars, Laghmani, or Pbharya,[4] but there are no other similar languages with the same ISO number, which is the code used to identify languages around the world. The main dialect of Parya is Marwari. Marwari is related to Punjabi which is related to the Afghanistan dialect.[6] The largest Parya villages in Tajikistan are the villages of Afghonobod, Qalai Hisor, Pravda Vostok, Boloi Kanal, and Kolkhozi Leninism.[3]

Endangerment of the Language

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In order for a language to not be recognized as at threat of extinction, it needs at least 100,000 speakers. Unfortunately, Parya is not anywhere close to this. Depending on what source one refers to, there are anywhere from about 3,000 to 7,500 speakers left.[3][9] The language is not even officially recognized or used in schools.[12] With numbers so low, the language is categorized as severely endangered. This means it is mainly spoken by older generations, it is understood younger generations, but the youngest generations don't really use it at all.[10]

The Speakers of Parya and its History

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To give a little more background on those who use the language, many of those who speak the Parya language Sunni Muslims,[6] and many of them are farmers, and more specifically, primarily rice farmers.[6] Many of the people live in Tajikistan, but some also live in Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. Since the language is so endangered and not many people know it, those who do speak it tend to be bilingual in the dominant languages surrounding them,[3] however, when Uzbek and Tajik men marry Parya women, they tend to learn the language and assimilate.[4] Although many are bilingual, the Tajik language has been found to be making its way into the Parya language.[11] The language is mostly spoken with ones family and relations, and it is almost always spoken in the homes of native speakers.[8]

Notes

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  1. ^ "Wikipedia:Training". Wikipedia. 2016-10-24.
  2. ^ "Helong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  3. ^ a b c d e Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  4. ^ a b c "Parya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  5. ^ a b "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  6. ^ a b c d Project, Joshua. "Parya in Tajikistan". Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  7. ^ "Parya language". Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  8. ^ a b "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  9. ^ a b Brenzinger, Matthias (2007-01-01). Language Diversity Endangered. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110170504.
  10. ^ a b ChartsBin. "Number of Endangered Languages by Country". ChartsBin. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  11. ^ a b Moseley, Christopher (2010-01-01). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231040962.
  12. ^ a b Clifton, John. "Stable Multilingualism in Tajikstan" (Document). {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help)
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