User:Sawyer777/Cornish saints

User:Sawyer777/MS Reg. lat. 191 Christianity in Cornwall List of churches in Cornwall

Background

Of the patron saints recorded in Cornwall before 1100, the vast majority are local; between 34 and 39 local Cornish saints are known, while only three non-local saints (Stephen, Michael, and Germanus of Auxerre) are attested as patrons of ecclesial foundations.^[1]

In the late Middle Ages, Cornwall's religious culture shifted towards the common religious trends in Western Europe at the time. Guilds were primarily dedicated to international saints venerated throughout Europe. However, veneration of such saints did not replace veneration of local saints, which remained the majority of parish dedications.^[2]

Sourcing

The earliest source listing individual Cornish saints is a 10th-century Breton list of 48 names without any context.^[3] The list is preserved as a fly-leaf in the binding of a manuscript now housed in the Vatican Library. At least half of the names are of saints venerated in Cornwall (some are known in other regions as well). They are listed in geographical order, concentrated in the southern part of the county. The geographical dimension suggests that the cults of these saints were already established by the 10th century.^[4] Another early text is a list of 24 children of Brychan, a king of Brycheiniog, found in a Cornish version of the Life of Saint Nectan; about half of the figures named are known saints.^[5] Anglo-Saxon documents, such as royal charters, also provide information about local saints and their cults.^[6]

List


Name	Dedications or associated places in Cornwall	Notes	Refs.
Adwen	St Adwen's Church, Advent	Mentioned in the Life of Saint Nectan as a son of Brychan, although probably unique to Advent. Sometimes misidentified as female.	^[7]
Austol	St Austell	Mentioned in the 11th-century hagiography of Mewan as his godson. Before the mid-19th century, Holy Trinity Church, St Austell was dedicated to him.	^[8]
Branwalator	St Breward	Attested from the 10th century; Æthelstan dedicated Milton Abbey to the Virgin Mary, Samson of Dol, and Branwalator c. 933. He is mentioned in several 10th- and 11th-century litanies.	^[9]
Breage	St Breage's Church, Breage	A hagiography was written about her in the 14th or 15th century, although it does not survive. Likely written in or near Breage, it relates that she was from Ireland originally, although this is likely legendary and may be out of association with Brigid of Kildare.	^[10]
Brioc	St Breock	The subject of an 11th-century hagiography written in Brittany, according to which he was a pagan convert from Cornwall who studied in Paris under Germanus of Auxerre. He founded a church in Cornwall and monasteries in Brittany. Several churches in Brittany, including Saint-Brieuc Cathedral, are dedicated to him.	^[11]
Buriana	St Buryan's Church	Attested in a 10th-century list of Cornish saints found in a Breton manuscript, and in a royal charter of Æthelstan granting property to the clergy of St Buryan. Later medieval sources give her an Irish origin, but she was likely from Brittany or Cornwall.	^[12]
Carantoc	St Carantoc's Church, Crantock	The subject of two Latin hagiographies written in Wales with church dedications in Wales, Ireland, Brittany, Cornwall, and Somerset. According to his hagiographies he was from Wales and travelled to Ireland for a period, but his cult may originate in Crantock, as that was the most prominent of his dedications in the medieval period.	^[13]
Columba	St Columba's Church, St Columb Major St Columba's Church, St Columb Minor	Local traditions about Columba were recorded in Cornish in the late 16th century. Her cult was centred on the churches of St Columb Major and St Columb Minor, the former of which was one of the wealthiest churches in Cornwall.	^[14]
Constantine	Constantine St Merryn	A legendary 6th-century king of Dumnonia who repented and, according to the Life of Saint David, became a monk.	^[15]
Cuby	St Cuby's Church, Cuby Duloe	According to his 12th- or 13th-century Welsh hagiography, Cuby was a Cornish bishop who travelled to Wales and Ireland.	^[16]
Elwen	Sithney St Elwyn's Church, Hayle	Recorded as having a chapel dedicated to Elvan in 1270 in Sithney, and the patron of a 19th-century church in Hayle. He is listed as a companion of Breage in one of her medieval hagiographies.	^[17]
Endelient	St Endellion	First attested in the Life of Saint Nectan, she was listed as a daughter of Brychan. Nicholas Roscarrock recorded folklore about Endelient in the 16th century; she was thought to be a goddaughter of King Arthur and a hermit.	^[18]
Enoder	St Enoder	Known as the patron saint of a church in Cornwall as early as 1086.	^[19]
Enodoc	St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick	Enodoc is first attested in writing in 1299, although his dedicated church dates to the 12th century or earlier.	^[20]
Entenin	St Anthony in Roseland St Anthony-in-Meneage		^[21]
Euny	Crowan St Uny's Church, Lelant Redruth Sancreed Merther Uny	A relatively widely venerated saint about whom little is known. Several churches, chapels, and holy wells are dedicated to him, including the large parish church at Lelant, where he is supposedly buried.	^[22]
Felec	St Felicitas and St Piala's Church, Phillack	First attested in a 10th-century list of Cornish saints. By 1259 Felec was regarded as female and her name was romanised as Felicitas, perhaps in conflation with Felicity of Carthage or Felicity of Rome.	^[23]
Germochus	Germoe	First recorded as the patron saint of Germoe parish in 1270, and thought to be a king and companion to Breage. His tomb at the Germoe church was still extant when John Leland visited in the 16th century.	^[24]
Gwinear	St Gwinear's Church, Gwinear	Gwinear and his patronal church are both first attested in 1258. A hagiography written in Brittany c. 1300 survives, which is likely drawn from an earlier Cornish hagiographical source. The hagiography relates that Gwinear was a pagan Irish prince converted by Saint Patrick who became a hermit in Brittany and performed miracles in Cornwall.	^[25]
Ia	St Ia's Church, St Ives Troon	Mentioned in the Life of Gwinear, where she was a noble Irish virgin who was miraculously transported to Cornwall on a leaf.	^[26]
Ivo of Ramsey	St Ive	A legendary Persian bishop whose body was discovered in 1001 at St Ives, Cambridgeshire.	^[27]
Julitta	St Julitta's Church, St Juliot St Julitta's Church, Lanteglos-by-Camelford Tintagel Castle	There are three dedications in north Cornwall to a Julitta, which may be an altered version of Juliana, in turn perhaps a romanisation of Guilant. Julitta is also the name of a Roman martyr usually paired with her son Cyricus; dedications to Julitta alone on the north coast of Cornwall are more likely to originate with a Brittonic saint.	^[28]
Kea	Old Kea	Subject of the Cornish play Bewnans Ke.	^[29]
Keverne	St Keverne		^[30]
Keyne	St Keyne St Martin's Church, St Martin-by-Looe	A daughter of Brychan in Welsh genealogies and subject of a late medieval Welsh hagiography.	^[31]
Lide	St Helen's, Isles of Scilly St Issey (historically) medieval chapel at St Mellion		^[32]
Mabyn	St Mabyn Parish Church		^[33]
Madron	Madron (Well and chapel)		^[34]
Marnarck	Lanreath		^[35]
Materiana	St Materiana's Church, Tintagel St Materiana's Church, Minster		^[36]
Mawgan	Mawgan-in-Meneage St Mawgan		^[37]
Melaine	St Mellion Mullion	6th-century bishop of Rennes, also venerated in Brittany and Wales.	^[38]
Menefrida	St Minver		^[39]
Meriasek	St Martin and St Meriadoc's Church, Camborne	Subject of the Cornish play Beunans Meriasek.	^[40]
Mewan	St Mewan		^[41]
Morwenna	Church of St Morwenna and St John the Baptist, Morwenstow		^[42]
Neot	St Neot		^[43]
Petroc	St Petroc's Church, Bodmin Egloshayle Little Petherick Padstow Trevalga		^[44]
Piran	Perranzabuloe St Piran's Church, Perranarworthal Perranuthnoe St Piran's Chapel, Trethevy	St Piran's Day, Saint Piran's Flag	^[45]
Rumon	Ruan Lanihorne		^[46]
Salomon	St Levan's Church, St Levan		^[47]
Senara	St Senara's Church, Zennor		^[48]
Sithney	Sithney		^[49]
Sulien	Luxulyan		^[50]
Tallanus	St Tallanus' Church, Talland		^[51]
Tetha	St Teath		^[52]
Tudy	St Tudy		^[53]
Veep	St Veep		^[54]
Wenna	St Kew Morval St Wenn		^[55]
Wyllow	Lanteglos-by-Fowey		^[56]

Dubious: Credan - Orme 2000, pp. 97–98; Erbin of Dumnonia - Orme 2000, pp. 117–118, 143; Erc of Slane (Erth/Erch, St Erth's Church, St Erth) - Orme 2000, pp. 116–117; Ivo of Ramsey; Mybbard and Mancus - Orme 2000, pp. 173, 190–191; Noyale - Orme 2000, pp. 203–204; St Levan's Church, Porthpean; Gudwal/Gulval; Geraint of Dumnonia

Maybe merge: Enoder, Enodoc, Felec, Marnarck, Saint Senara, Tallanus, Saint Veep, Wyllow

References

^ Padel 2002, pp. 329–330
^ Padel 2002, p. 331
^ Orme 2000, p. 11
^ Padel 2002, pp. 316–317
^ Padel 2002, p. 319
^ Padel 2002, p. 320
^ Orme 1996, p. 67; Orme 2000, pp. 59–60
^ Orme 1996, p. 69; Orme 2000, p. 67
^ Orme 1996, p. 71; Orme 2000, pp. 73–74
^ Orme 1996, p. 71; Orme 2000, pp. 71–72
^ Orme 1996, p. 71; Orme 2000, pp. 75–76
^ Orme 1996, p. 72; Orme 2000, pp. 78–79
^ Orme 1996, p. 75; Orme 2000, pp. 83–85
^ Orme 1996, pp. 74–75; Orme 2000, pp. 91–93
^ Orme 1996, p. 75; Orme 2000, pp. 94–95
^ Orme 1996, pp. 77–78; Orme 2000, pp. 99–100
^ Orme 1996, p. 116; Orme 2000, p. 112
^ Orme 1996, p. 79; Orme 2000, p. 113
^ Orme 1996, p. 79; Orme 2000, p. 114
^ Orme 1996, p. 79; Orme 2000, pp. 114–115
^ Orme 1996, p. 68; Orme 2000, pp. 115–116
^ Orme 1996, pp. 76, 96, 113; Orme 2000, pp. 118–120
^ Orme 1996, pp. 110–111; Orme 2000, p. 121
^ Orme 1996, p. 83; Orme 2000, p. 129
^ Orme 1996, p. 85; Orme 2000, pp. 136–138
^ Orme 1996, pp. 87–88; Orme 2000, pp. 144–145
^ Orme 1996, p. 87; Orme 2000, p. 148
^ Orme 1996, pp. 88, 95; Orme 2000, p. 154
^ Orme 1996, p. 89; Orme 2000, pp. 156–158
^ Orme 1996, p. 90; Orme 2000, pp. 159–160
^ Orme 1996, pp. 91, 101; Orme 2000, pp. 162–163
^ Orme 1996, pp. 87, 115; Orme 2000, pp. 111–112
^ Orme 1996, pp. 99–100; Orme 2000, pp. 168–169
^ Orme 1996, p. 100; Orme 2000, pp. 169–171
^ Orme 1996, p. 94; Orme 2000, p. 173
^ Orme 1996, p. 105; Orme 2000, pp. 189–190
^ Orme 1996, p. 102; Orme 2000, pp. 182–183
^ Orme 1996, pp. 103, 107; Orme 2000, pp. 184–185
^ Orme 1996, p. 105; Orme 2000, p. 187
^ Orme 1996, pp. 72–73; Orme 2000, pp. 188–189
^ Orme 1996, p. 104; Orme 2000, pp. 191–192
^ Orme 1996, p. 106; Orme 2000, p. 196
^ Orme 1996, p. 107; Orme 2000, pp. 200–203
^ Orme 1996, pp. 70, 78, 98, 109, 121; Orme 2000, pp. 214–219
^ Orme 1996, p. 110; Orme 2000
^ Orme 1996, p. 114; Orme 2000, pp. 226–227
^ Orme 1996, p. 97; Orme 2000, pp. 227–228
^ Orme 1996, p. 125; Orme 2000, pp. 232–233
^ Orme 1996, pp. 116–117; Orme 2000, pp. 236–237
^ Orme 1996, p. 99; Orme 2000, pp. 238–239
^ Orme 1996, p. 118; Orme 2000, p. 242
^ Orme 1996, p. 119; Orme 2000, pp. 244–245
^ Orme 1996, pp. 121–122; Orme 2000, pp. 247–248
^ Orme 1996, p. 122; Orme 2000, p. 249
^ Orme 1996, pp. 106, 123–124; Orme 2000, pp. 251–252
^ Orme 1996, p. 95; Orme 2000, pp. 255–256

Bibliography

Orme, Nicholas (1996). English Church Dedications: With a Survey of Cornwall and Devon. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 9780859895163.
Orme, Nicholas (2000). The Saints of Cornwall. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191542893.
Padel, O. J. (2002). "Local Saints and Place-Names in Cornwall". In Thacker, Alan; Sharpe, Richard (eds.). Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West. Oxford University Press. pp. 303–360. ISBN 9780198203940.

to use

Ashley, Leonard R. N. (2000). "The Saints Come Marching In: Saints' Names in the Toponymy of Cornwall". Names. 48 (3–4): 257–264. doi:10.1179/nam.2000.48.3-4.257. ISSN 1756-2279.
Courtney, Margaret Ann (1890). Cornish Feasts and Folk-Lore. Penzance: Beare and Son. OCLC 702566.
James, Ronald (2018). The Folklore of Cornwall: The Oral Tradition of a Celtic Nation. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 9780859894708.
Mattingly, Joanna (2003). "Pre-Reformation saints' cults in Cornwall—with particular reference to the St Neot windows". In Cartwright, Jane (ed.). Celtic Hagiography and Saints' Cults. University of Wales Press. pp. 249–270. ISBN 9780708317495.
Orme, Nicholas (1992). "Saint Breage: a medieval virgin saint of Cornwall". Analecta Bollandiana. 110 (3–4): 341–352. doi:10.1484/J.ABOL.4.01617. ISSN 2507-0290.
Orme, Nicholas, ed. (1991). Unity and Variety: A History of the Church in Devon and Cornwall. University of Exeter Press. ISBN 9780859893558.
Petts, Turner; Turner, Sam (2009). "Early Medieval Church Groups in Wales and Western England". In Edwards, Nancy (ed.). The Archaeology of the Early Medieval Celtic Churches. Society for Medieval Archaeology. pp. 281–300. ISBN 9781906540616. ISSN 0583-9106.
Preston-Jones, A.; Rose, P. (1986). "Medieval Cornwall". Cornish Archaeology. 25: 135–185.
Scherb, Victor I. (2001). "Situating the Holy: Celtic Community in Breton and Cornish Saint Plays". Comparative Drama. 35 (3–4): 319–343. doi:10.1353/cdr.2001.0013. ISSN 1936-1637.

to find

Preston-Jones, A. (1992). "Decoding Cornish churchyards". In Edwards, Nancy; Lane, Alan (eds.). The Early Church in Wales and the West: Recent Work in Early Christian Archaeology, History and Place-Names. Oxbow Books. pp. 104–124. ISBN 9780946897377.
Orme, Nicholas, ed. (1992). Nicholas Roscarrock's Lives of the Saints: Cornwall and Devon. Devon and Cornwall Record Society. ISBN 9781800107946.
Olson, Lynette (1989). Early Monasteries in Cornwall. Boydell Press. ISBN 9780851154787.

have requested through various means

Olson, Lynette (1975). "Saint Entenyn". Cornish Studies. 3: 25–28. ISSN 0308-2679.
Olson, B. Lynette; Padel, O. J. (1986). "A tenth-century list of Cornish parochial saints". Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies. 12: 33–71. ISSN 0260-5600.
Padel, O. J. (1976). "Cornish names of parish churches". Cornish Studies. 4/5: 15–27. ISSN 0308-2679.