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User:Scarpy/Debtors Anonymous

< User:Scarpy
Debtors Anonymous
Founded1971
Location
Area served
Australia, Bali, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States, Spain, Argentina
Websitedebtorsanonymous.org
Formerly called
Penny Pinchers, Capital Builders

Debtors Anonymous (DA) is a twelve-step program for people who want to stop incurring unsecured debt. Collectively they attend more than 500 weekly meetings in nine countries. Those who compulsively incur unsecured debt are said to be engaged in compulsive debting and are known as compulsive debtors.

DA encourages careful record keeping and monitoring of finances—including purchases, income, and debt payments—to get a clear picture of spending habits. This information is used to develop healthier spending practices, supporting one in keeping a reasonable quality of life while still repaying debt. Similarly, DA recommends developing plans for the future to increase income.

DA's program is intended to facilitate a progressive personality change in its members, ultimately transforming their world views and changing their behaviors. Many DA members only partially accept the ideology of the organization.[2][3] Parts of DA's program, such as stigmatizing labels used to describe members, may actually hinder acceptance of DA's ideology.[2][3]

Development

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In 1968 members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) who believed that their financial difficulties were caused by an addictive disease not unlike alcoholism founded an organization named Penny Pinchers, which they later renamed Capital Builders.[4][5][6] The founding members believed their financial problems stemmed from an inability to save money, and they practiced making daily deposits to their savings accounts. Later they recognized their problems were not caused by an inability to save but rather an inability to stay solvent.[4]

In early 1971 the group members came to believe that incurring unsecured debt was the threshold of their disease and committed to a rigorous twelve-step approach to prevent incurring further unsecured debt.[4][6] The original group disbanded and meetings were not consistently held again until 1976, when a group of two or three people began meeting regularly on Wednesdays in the rectory of St. Stephen's Church in New York City. Within a year a second group formed and Debtors Anonymous continued to grow. The first General Service Conference was held in 1987 in the auditorium at Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center in Manhattan.[4] In 2009 there were 512 groups meeting worldwide.[7]

DA adapted AA's format, making only five changes to AA's Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions: "D.A." and "Debtors Anonymous" replaces "A.A." and "Alcoholics Anonymous", "debt" replaces "alcoholism", "compulsive debtors" replaces "alcoholics", "incurring unsecured debt" replaces "drinking", and "debtor" replaces "alcoholic."[8] In 2002 DA published a list of 12 promises similar to the 12 promises appearing on pages 83–84 of Alcoholics Anonymous.[9][10] DA's original literature includes the Twelve Tools of Debtors Anonymous, a list of practices to recovery from compulsive debting.[11]

Membership

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Debtors Anonymous is fundamentally an organization to facilitate recovery from "compulsive debting."[12] Compulsive debting is a neologism described variously in DA literature as a disorder,[13] progressive illness,[14][15] and a disease.[13] As such, compulsive debting cannot be cured, although it can be arrested.[16] Compulsive debtors are those who cannot control their debt,[14] as a consequence their debt causes growing and continuing problems in their lives.[15] Compulsive debting is also an umbrella term encompassing many different types of behavior from "incurring unsecured debt to compulsive shopping, from grandiose thinking to deprivation mentality."[13] Members must decide for themselves whether or not they are compulsive debtors.[15] To help them with the decision, DA provides a 15-item questionnaire[17] (most compulsive debtors will answer yes to eight or more of the questions)[18] and a list of 12 signs of compulsive debting.[19][20] An ethnographic study of DA members found they attributed the causes of compulsive debting to family maladjustment and a culture that constantly pressures people to spend money.[21]

DA members may identify themselves additionally—or more specifically—as compulsive shoppers or spenders, codependent debtors[22] or compulsive underearners.[23] Compulsive spending is a symptom associated with compulsive debting. Spending money to one's detriment is compulsive spending. Spending money on particular goods or services after making a decision not to, or having a desire not to, is also compulsive spending. Compulsive spending is often done to avoid uncomfortable feelings.[24] DA provides a 30-item questionnaire to help people determine if they are spending compulsively, each item is a sign of compulsive spending.[25] Answering yes to three or more of these questions indicates compulsive spending.[26] Although compulsive spenders may not actually be in debt, if they have a desire to avoid incurring unsecured debt, they are welcome in DA.[16] Codependent debtors incur unsecured debt to pay for another persons' compulsive spending.[22]

Underearners are people with viable skills who are psychologically incapable of earning enough money to support themselves without incurring unsecured debt.[23] DA provides a list of 12 signs that are symptomatic of compulsive underearning.[27] Underearning can lead to become a "compulsive pauper,"[28] a term describing people who are consistently broke and in financial crisis.[16] A related term, "financial anorexia," describes "someone who takes inordinate amounts of pride in having few financial needs and is more comfortable living in deprivation."[22] Financial anorexics, while they may find it difficult to spend money on themselves, are not necessarily underearning.[16] Although compulsive underearners may not actually be in debt, if they have a desire to avoid incurring unsecured debt, they are welcome in DA.[28]

The current American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual (DSM-IV-TR) does not consider indebtedness to be a disease, and does not have a specific category for spending-related issues. It does, however, contain a category for Impulse Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified, to diagnose impulse control problems that are not currently in the manual. This category is used to diagnose compulsive buying disorder, a condition similar to compulsive debting, which may be included in the next edition of the diagnostic manual (DSM-5).[29]

Concepts

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The phrase "terminal vagueness" describes a characteristic of compulsive debtors, a systematic avoidance of monitoring finances–including avoiding communication with creditors–leading to an overestimation or underestimation of account balances.[9][30][31] An overestimation may result in incurring unsecured debt.[32] "Clarity" is the opposite of vagueness, requiring a clear picture of how much money one has and owes, at any given time.[22] DA encourages "awareness" of the cultural pervasiveness of debt and overspending.[22] DA suggests members stay aware of manipulative advertising tactics as well as thoughts and feelings that trigger their desire to spend money.[32][33]

Excessive preoccupation with indebtedness can lead to both "emotional indebtedness" and "self-debting." Self-debting is the inability to identify or fulfill personal needs because of such preoccupations, whereas emotional indebtedness is the accompanying stress, anxiety, feelings of hopelessness or despair, and even suicidal ideation. Self-debting manifests in various ways such as taking drastic measures to hide evidence of problems with money or debt, paying creditors to the detriment of one's needs, or even spending excessive amounts of time managing finances.[2]

"Abstinence" in DA is abstaining from incurring any new unsecured debt, a strict definition that includes not paying bills when due, borrowing money from a family member or friend without collateral, credit card debt and other unsecured loans.[22][34] If a member has abstained from incurring unsecured debt for a day, he or she is "solvent" for that day.[22] Solvency, in this sense, is a neologism differing from the common definition of solvency (the degree to which assets exceeds liabilities).[35]

A belief in an "abundant universe" underlies much of the DA program.[22] Competition is learned from, but not feared, as there are enough resources for everyone.[36] This perspective counters deprivation thinking that accompanies compulsive debting, overspending, and underearning.[37]

DA members may be vague or unfocused about their goals in life. For this reason, DA encourages members to develop "vision," the ability to form a clear and specific picture of what they want to do in life. Visions are discovered by abstaining from incurring unsecured debt, following the Twelve Steps and using the Twelve Tools. Ignoring one's vision is similar to self-debting, it may result in physical or emotional distress, or preoccupation with other people's lives rather than focusing on oneself.[38]

Record keeping and planning

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Spending records and spending plans

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"Keeping numbers" is a daily practice that requires recording each cent owed, spent and earned,[31][39] including recording any part of a debt that has been paid.[22][39] Members use different methods to keep their numbers, a simple approach is to carry a small notebook and record numbers in it daily.[22] Daily records are used to create monthly spending records with income and expenditures separated into specific categories (e.g. rent, groceries, phone, entertainment, etc.).[9] The purpose of these records is to increase clarity, cutting through any denial about how much money is being earned and spent. A detailed spending record will show values, habits and responsibilities.[22][40]

Spending records are used to create spending plans.[22][40] A spending plan is essentially a list of all goods and services to buy in a given month.[31] Members regularly review their spending plans and assess whether items and amounts in the plan are reasonable.[31] The spending plan puts the member's needs ahead of the creditors and should not cause one to incur unsecured debt. Spending plans should include categories for income and debt repayment.[22][39] Unless one is having trouble meeting very basic needs, it should also include a category for savings.[22]

Accompanying a "real" spending plan is an "ideal" spending plan, detailing what one's finances would look like in an ideal universe, how much money one would earn, and how it would be spent. The ideal spending plan focuses efforts on increasing income and following a vision for the future.[22][40] DA avoids using the term budget, as its connotation may imply rigid categories. A spending plan is designed such that one has the best possible life under their present financial circumstances. Spending plans are flexible and convey that there are options, that one chooses how to spend money.[22]

Action plans

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DA encourages members, after several weeks participation, to organize "pressure relief meetings." In these meetings, a newer member invites two veteran members (with at least 90 days of abstinence, typically a male and a female) to review his or her financial records in detail and give practical advice.[40] These occur outside of regular meetings, and are a way for members to receive suggestions from each other.[31] The member organizing the group typically brings his or her spending records, and a list of issues that he or she would like assistance with.[22]

"Action plans" are developed during pressure relief meetings based on the suggestions of the other members, a spending plan may also be developed or modified.[22][39] Actions plans are lists of specific actions to resolve debts and improve one's financial situation.[32] Members organize pressure relief groups about once a month. In times of crisis, however, they may hold them more often.[22]

Debt repayment plans

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Practicing the Fourth Step of the DA's Twelve Steps includes not only a moral inventory of personal characteristics but also an inventory of personal financial history including a list of current outstanding debts.[22][40] Similarly, the Ninth Step includes monetary debt repayment.[22][40] Following the language of the Ninth Step, however, the payment schedule should not injure the debtor or the creditor.[30] The goal in repaying creditors is to do so while living well. DA members find their ability to pay their creditors improves when they take care of themselves. Payments to creditors should be consistent and manageable. In this way, members are able to offer detailed rationale for their debt repayment schedule, allowing for empowered and functional negotiation with creditors. In this spirit, a certain amount of money is allocated for debt repayment each month whenever possible.[22][30][41]

One might begin making a debt repayment plan by categorizing secured and unsecured debt, including the name of the creditor, the total amount owed, when the amount will be paid off, and the current monthly payment. For each debt one would list the current balance, finance charge per month, the minimum payment per month, and include a blank column for the "actual" payment. The amount of the actual payment would be determined from one's spending plan, after subtracting necessary expenses and the amount of money required to support a reasonable quality of life. This amount would then be divided up among the creditors. Ideally, the payment to each creditor is proportional (based on the amount of money owed to the creditor divided by the total liabilities).[41][42] Creditors should not be given special treatment because they harass a debtor with greater frequency than other creditors. One may, however, give preference to creditors charging higher interest rates, threatening legal action, or who are friends or family members.[41]

DA recommends recording each payment made to a creditor, noting the original amount of the debt, the date the payment was made, the amount of the payment, and the remaining balance. Further, DA advises keeping a record of retired debts to record the date each debt was fully paid.[41]

Although it may conflict with cultural norms,[3] DA recommends taking a debt moratorium when a debtor cannot put his or her needs first and continue to making debt payments. Before taking a debt moratorium, DA suggests checking with one's sponsor, pressure relief group, and to contact one's creditors to explain the situation. If a creditor threatens to take legal action under these circumstances DA recommends seeking professional assistance or revising the moratorium.[41]

Changes in world view

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Self-help groups, including DA, urge members to change their world view.[3][43] It is critically important for self-help groups to ease this process for their members as changes in world view are generally accompanied by significant behavioral changes.[43] For example, the pamphlet Debtors Anonymous answers "How Does a Person Get Solvent Through the D.A. Program?" by explaining that DA brings about a "progressive personality change" within the member. This change is accomplished through faith in, and understanding of, DA's Twelve Steps.[44]

Using convenience and snowball sampling sociologist Terrell A. Hayes found and surveyed 46 DA members from July 1993 to June 1995. 42 of the members surveyed were attending meetings in the Eastern United States, the remaining four attended meetings in Austin, Texas.[45][46] An analysis of the data Hayes collected revealed specific parts of DA hindered acceptance of DA's overall ideology. These included: labeling, intergroup and intragroup differences, lack of a clear position on bankruptcy and debt-shifting and contradictory information on what literature DA groups should use.[3]

Labeling

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Hayes performed a qualitative analysis of survey results in an attempt to understand how labeling theory applies to the stigma of indebtedness, to investigate the process members went through to identify themselves as compulsive debtors and to seek help in DA. The processes involved labeling of members by other people (social labeling), and the members labeling themselves (self-labeling), as people who have a problem with money.[2][45]

Social labeling and self-labeling were related to changes in self-awareness. This process, in the majority of cases, gradually led the members studied to seek help in DA and continued while participating DA. Hayes distinguished between three levels of self-awareness. The first two, vague self-awareness and heightened self-awareness, correspond to the precontemplative and contemplative Stages of Change in the Transtheoretical Model. The most advanced of the three, focused self-awareness, is characterized by an awakening in which the member began to contemplate the true extent of his or her problem.[2]

The levels of self-awareness are related to three types of acceptance regarding labels used in DA. Hayes described superficial acceptance as a kind of mimicking the labeling of others without internalizing the label as part of one's identity. Superficial acceptance occurs with either vague or heightened self-awareness. Profound acceptance, in contrast, occurs when a member truly believes a label in DA is an accurate description of who he or she really is and entails an acquisition of a social identity. Those with a profound level of acceptance are most likely to strictly follow DA ideology. The third kind, tailored acceptance, reflects more of an investment in a personal identity rather than a social identity, replacing a group-derived label with a more personalized one. Acceptance of a social label at any level was not found to be a prerequisite for seeking help. People may seek help in DA even if they believe they do not have a money-related problem, especially if they believe they have no other choice.[2]

Stigmatization of indebtedness was related to experiences of shame among indebted people. Labeling a person as having a problem with debt therefore exposes them to shame. Further, Hayes found that labeling is a pervasive practice in twelve-step groups. Pointing out, for example, that the First Step in DA requires one to admit powerlessness over debt. At the beginning of meetings members will often introduce themselves with their first name and the problem that brought them to DA. These admissions, may cause the onset of shame, even if it is not consciously acknowledged. This effect may be more pronounced in women and less in men. Women are more likely than men to discuss money problems with others, thereby creating opportunities to be labeled. Women were also found to be twice as more likely than men to experience shame through self-labeling. Women, however, were less likely to have been coerced into treatment than men.[45]

Law Professor A. Michele Dickerson suggested that something like Debtors Anonymous may be a useful addition to debtor education precisely because it would add a guilt-based component to the curriculum. The stigmatization would, Dickerson argues, change the debtor's economic philosophy and reduce the likelihood of impulse buying.[47] Mental health professionals find, however, that DA participation reduces shame.[22][40]

Intergroup and intragroup differences

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DA's pamphlet Meetings states "regular attendance at meetings is an important part of recovery–it is vital for compulsive debtors–and especially for newcomers."[34] Intergroup and intragroup differences (differences between DA meetings and DA members at the same meeting) can hinder one in adopting a new world view. Recognition of individual differences, specifically that some members are better role models than others and the inability to identify with experiences of other members, interferes with the world view transformation process.[3]

As DA's practices are only suggested and not required, one may pick and choose which parts of DA to adhere to or follow. This approach, however, is tolerated to different degrees within different groups. A group's rigidity or flexibility related to DA's suggested practices may hinder identification with the group.[3]

Bankruptcy and debt-shifting

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DA's pamphlet, Debt Payment, explains that bankruptcy is an "outside issue," an issue on which DA has no opinion. The pamphlet elaborates, however, that some DA members found bankruptcy only provided a "quick fix" and did not correct the underlying issues causing them to incur unsecured debt. The pamphlet also notes other DA members believe bankruptcy is a proper course of action in some situations.[41] Debt-shifting is the practice of transferring debt from one creditor to another in order to get a lower interest rate or otherwise make it easier to repay the debt. Debt-shifting is not discussed in official DA literature, although it is discussed in a book largely based on DA principles, How To Get Out Of Debt, Stay Out of Debt & Live Prosperously.[48] Because DA does not take an official position on bankruptcy and debt-shifting, some groups take stronger positions on these topics than others, this can alienate potential members.[3]

Outside sources

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Official DA literature is either approved by the DA General Service Board (GSB) or by vote at a DA Conference, based on whether it is service literature (related to the functioning of DA groups) or recovery literature (all other DA literature).[49] Such literature is "Conference-approved." DA publishes two books, A Currency of Hope[6] and The Twelve Steps, Twelve Traditions, and Twelve Concepts of Debtors Anonymous,[50] as well as several pamphlets.[51] A Currency of Hope, includes DA's adaptations of the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, a description of compulsive debting, a brief history of DA, and 38 stories written by DA members explaining how DA has affected their lives. Official DA literature is either approved by the DA General Service Board (GSB) or by vote at a DA conference, based on whether it is service literature (related to the functioning of DA groups) or recovery literature (all other DA literature).[49] Such literature is "conference-approved." DA publishes one book, A Currency of Hope,[6] and several pamphlets.[51] A Currency of Hope, includes DA's adaptations of the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions, a description of compulsive debting, a brief history of DA, and 38 stories written by DA members explaining how DA has affected their lives. As of August 2009 DA is current working on 18 new pieces of literature, including three books.[49]

In addition to DA literature, DA suggests studying AA literature to gain a better understanding of addictive diseases.[32] Specifically, DA endorses the use of the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions[52] and Alcoholics Anonymous[10] (also known as the "Big Book").[53] DA's pamphlet on the use of AA literature states that DA does not endorse any literature except what has been conference-approved. The pamphlet goes on to say, however, that DA's program encourages the use of outside sources.[53] The use of unapproved literature in DA groups, such as How To Get Out Of Debt, Stay Out of Debt & Live Prosperously, can cause conflict even though DA encourages to use of outside sources.[3]

Parallel organizations

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Debtors Anonymous groups, independent of those already meeting in New York, were formed in the late 1970s by the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) in New York City. They began as a group of 37 participants who had attended credit education classes at the NCNW offices. The NCNW Debtors Anonymous members had four goals: (1) Develop individual budgets and report regularly at group meetings on progress and problems; (2) Select and work with a buddy for mutual support and as a safeguard against spending urges; (3) Educate themselves and fellow members about credit costs, consumer protection laws, and the best prices of goods and services; (4) Set long-term goals and stick with them. Meetings were designed to share information on where to get common products at the best price (clothes, home furnishings, small appliances, food, etc.). Group sharing would usually begin after a member gave a short presentation on a topic she had researched for the meeting. Additional groups were formed supported with grants from Chase Manhattan Bank and the United States Department of Education's consumer education unit. In 1981 there were chapters in nine major US cities.[54]

In response to the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico an anti-government organization naming itself the National Association of Debtors Anonymous formed. Later, this group merged with El Barzón (a movement of land-owning farmers against the Mexican government).[55]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 11
  2. ^ a b c d e f Hayes 1996
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hayes & 2001-2002
  4. ^ a b c d Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 23
  5. ^ Sarra & Sarra 2009
  6. ^ a b c d Greco & Fagen 2009
  7. ^ Black 2009
  8. ^ Debtors Anonymous 1999, pp. 12–13
  9. ^ a b c Debtors Anonymous 2001 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDebtors_Anonymous2001 (help)
  10. ^ a b Bill W. 2002b
  11. ^ Debtors Anonymous 1999, pp. 15–16
  12. ^ Debtors Anonymous 1999, pp. 10–11
  13. ^ a b c Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 10
  14. ^ a b Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 19
  15. ^ a b c Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 21
  16. ^ a b c d Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 17
  17. ^ Harber 2009a
  18. ^ Debtors Anonymous 1999, pp. 21–22
  19. ^ Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 14
  20. ^ Harber 2002
  21. ^ Oliven 1998
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Levine & Kellen 2000
  23. ^ a b Goldman 2000
  24. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2004, p. 1
  25. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2002b
  26. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2004, p. 3
  27. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2006
  28. ^ a b Debtors Anonymous 2002c
  29. ^ Vyse 2008, p. 28
  30. ^ a b c Debtors Anonymous 2002f
  31. ^ a b c d e Morenberg 2004
  32. ^ a b c d Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 16
  33. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2002g
  34. ^ a b Debtors Anonymous 2002d
  35. ^ Zietlow & Seidner 2007, p. 5
  36. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2002e
  37. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2004b
  38. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2002h
  39. ^ a b c d Debtors Anonymous 1999, p. 15
  40. ^ a b c d e f g Benson & Bengler 2004
  41. ^ a b c d e f Debtors Anonymous 2002
  42. ^ Brazer 2000
  43. ^ a b Ronel & Libman 2003
  44. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2002j
  45. ^ a b c Hayes 2000
  46. ^ Hayes 2010
  47. ^ Dickerson & 1998-1999
  48. ^ Mundis 2003, pp. 219–220
  49. ^ a b c Debtors Anonymous 2009
  50. ^ Debtors Anonymous 2016
  51. ^ a b Harber 2009
  52. ^ Bill W. 2002a
  53. ^ a b Debtors Anonymous 2001 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDebtors_Anonymous2001 (help)
  54. ^ Roth 1981
  55. ^ Williams 2001

References

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  • Benson, April Lane; Bengler, Marie (2004). "Chapter 14: Treating Compulsive Buying". In Coombs, Robert H. (ed.). Handbook of addictive disorders: a practical guide to diagnosis and treatment. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp. 451–488. ISBN 0-471-23502-4. OCLC 53224831.
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  • Debtors Anonymous (2004b). Spirituality. Debtors Anonymous. p-126.
  • Debtors Anonymous (1 March 2016). The Twelve Steps, Twelve Traditions, and Twelve Concepts of Debtors Anonymous: Thirty-Six Principles of Recovery. Debtors Anonymous General Service Board, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0991365838.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • Debtors Anonymous (2002c). Underearning. Debtors Anonymous General Service Board, Inc. P-124.
  • Debtors Anonymous (2002h). Visions. Debtors Anonymous General Service Board. P-113.
  • Dickerson, A. Mechele (1998–1999). "Can Shame, Guilt, or Stigma Be Taught: Why Credit-Focused Debtor Education May Not Work". Loylola of Los Angeles Law Review. 32: 945–964. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-25. Retrieved 2009-12-25.
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  • Hayes, Terrell A (February 2000). "Stigmatizing Indebtedness: Implications for Labeling Theory". Symbolic Interaction. 23 (1): 29–46. doi:10.1525/si.2000.23.1.29.
  • Hayes, Terrell A (1996). Social and self-labeling processes in recognizing compulsive indebtedness: findings from Debtors Anonymous (Ph. D. in Sociology thesis). Vanderbilt University. OCLC 37916407. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
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  • Vyse, Stuart (2008). Going broke. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530699-6. OCLC 153773333.
  • Williams, Heather (July 2001). "Of Free Trade and Debt Bondage: Fighting Banks and the State in Mexico". Latin American Perspectives. Mexico in the 1990s: Economic Crisis, Social Polarization, and Class Struggle, Part 2. 28 (4). Sage Publications, Inc.: 30–51. doi:10.1177/0094582X0102800403. JSTOR 3185137.
  • Zietlow, John T; Seidner, Alan G (2007). Cash & investment management for nonprofit organizations. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-74165-7. OCLC 255472451.
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Category:Debt Category:Personal finance Category:Twelve-step programs Category:Support groups Category:Organizations established in 1971 Category:Non-profit organizations based in Massachusetts

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