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Black-handed Tamarin (Saguinus niger)

Outline

Morphology

• Saguinus niger is a Brazilian North primate
  
• Believed to be a complex evolved primate
  
• Saguinus niger weighs around 500 grams
  
• Cranial cervical ganglion is smaller in Saguinus niger than it is in humans, which may indicate that species sizes are related
  
• Both the cranial cervical ganglion and the celiac ganglion were similar to those in domesticated dogs (Pinto, et al., 2013)
  
• Small body size
  
• Maintain very quick rates of food passage
  
• Has claws and a long tail
  
• Black-handed tamarins do not have a lot of morphological variation in their abdominal aorta branching
  

Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th Edition, Family Callitrichidae (Morphology)

• Tamarins, Marmosets, and Goeldi's Monkey are considered to be one of the smallest types of primates
  
• 130-370 mm (head and body length); 150-420 mm (tail length)
  
• 100-900 grams (weight of adults)
  
• The face does not have a lot of hair, but the head does
  
• Hind limbs of the tamarin are longer than the forelimbs
  
• Non-opposable thumb
  
• Move between trees on all fours and by jumping
  

Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th Edition, Tamarins (Morphology)

• 175-310 mm (body and head length); 250-440 mm (tail length)
  
• 225-900 grams (weight)
  

Relationship with humans

• Some tamarins in Andrade, et. al (2014) were run over
  
• Specimens can be found in some museums
  

Deforestation

• The Black-handed Tamarin may be a victim of habitat loss by humans and are listed as vulnerable, because it is thought that the tamarin population has decreased over 30% for the past three generations of tamarins due to this issue
  
• In Central-Western Brazil, in the southern part of the S. niger range, the species is dependent on the remains of forested areas in private properties in order to survive (issue of protection)
  
• Black-handed tamarin range is poor biologically, yet is in one of the most densely populated areas of Brazil (where logging has occurred and removed a great deal of the original forest cover)
  

Rough Draft (with parenthetical in-text citations)

Morphology of Tamarins, Marmosets, and Goeldi's Monkey

Tamarins, Marmosets, and Goeldi's Monkey are considered to be some of the smallest types of primates
 (Nowak 557). The head and body size of these particular primates ranges in size from 130 to 370 mm, and the tail length ranges in size from 150 to 420 mm (Nowak 557). Adults weigh around 100-900 grams (Nowak 557).

Morphology of Tamarins

Tamarins, specifically, possess hind limbs that are longer than the forelimbs
, and they do not have opposable thumbs (Nowak 558). To move on trees, they use all four limbs, and they jump to maneuver from tree to tree (Nowak 558). Like marmosets, tamarins have two molars on both sides of the jaw and have claws on all fingers and toes, with the exception of the big toe (Red List). 
The head and body size of tamarins can be from 175 to 310 mm, and the tail length can be from 250 to 440 mm, and they generally weigh around 225-900 grams (Nowak 561).

Saguinus niger Morphology

The Black-handed Tamarin, or Saguinus niger, in particular, weighs around 500 grams. Saguinus niger, is a Brazilian North primate and is believed to be a complex evolved primate (Pinto, et al., 2013). Regarding outward appearances, the faces of these primates do not usually have much hair but the heads generally do (Nowak 561). These primates maintain very quick rates of food passage (Oliveira, et al., 2008) and have long claws and a long tail (Andrade, et al., 2015). Black-handed tamarins do not have a lot of morphological variation in their abdominal aorta branching (Andrade, et al., 2015). Additionally, the cranial cervical ganglion is smaller in Saguinus niger than it is in humans, which may indicate that species sizes are related (Pinto, et al., 2013). Moreover, both the cranial cervical ganglion and the celiac ganglion were similar to those in domesticated dogs (Pinto, et al., 2013).

Saguinus niger and Its Relationship to Humans

Black-handed tamarin range is in one of the most densely inhabited areas of Brazil (where logging has removed a great deal of the original forest cover; Oliveira, et al., 2008). Saguinus niger may be a victim of habitat loss by humans and are listed as vulnerable, because it is thought that the tamarin population has decreased over 30% for the past three generations of tamarins due to this issue (Red List)
. In Central-Western Brazil, in the southern part of the Saguinus niger range, the primates are reliant on the remains of forested areas in private properties in order to survive (Guilherme, et al., 2015)
.