Alphabet
editIt uses an extended Latin alphabet. However, vowels and the letter Y can be doubled or written with a tilde (~).
Its complete alphabet (excluding accents) is:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Pronunciation
editMost pronunciations are similar to English. In some cases, however, they are different:
Q is not always followed by a U.
Jakenese | IPA | Approximate English example |
---|---|---|
A | /æ/ | at |
B | /b/ | bad |
C | /t͡ʃ/ | chip |
D | /d/ | do |
E | /e/ | egg |
F | /f/ | face |
G | /ɡ/ | go |
H | /h/ | help |
I | /ɪ/ | ink |
J | /dʒ/ | jump |
K | /k/ | kale |
L | /l/ | lamp |
M | /m/ | map |
N | /n/ | not |
O | /ɔ/ | pop |
P | /p/ | pet |
Q | /x/ | loch |
R | /r/ | rain |
S | /s/ | see |
T | /t/ | tool |
U | /ʌ/ | mud |
V | /v/ | view |
W | /w/ | wet |
X | /ʃ/ | sharp |
Y | /j/ | yesterday |
Z | /z/ | zoo |
Double letters and ligatures* | ||
AA | /a/ | father |
EE | /eɪ/ | ate |
II | /i/ | teacake |
OO | /o/ | оpen |
UU | /u/ | boot |
YY | /ə/ | ' |
Æ | /aɪ/ | kite |
Œ | /ɔː/ | boring |
UE | /ɛ/ | burn |
*Double letters can instead be written with tildes: (AA -> Ã, EE --> Ẽ, etc.).
There are no silent letters.
Grammar
editPronouns
editThere is a singular and plural form of the word "you".
Transitive pronouns (Nominative)
editĨ = I
Si = you (s)
Di = he/she/it
Is = we
Sis = you (pl)
Dis = they
Transitive pronouns (Accusative)
editId = me
Sid = you (s)
Did = him/her/it
Ids = us
Sids = you (pl)
Dids = them
Reflexive pronouns
editIz = myself
Siz = yourself
Diz = himself/herself/itself
Izes = ourselves
Sizes = yourselves
Dizes = theirselves
Possessive pronouns
editIf = my/mine
Sif = your/yours (s)
Dif = his/hers/her/its
Ifes = our/ours
Sifes = your/yours (pl)
Difes = their/their
Other Possessive forms:
editTo make a noun into its possessive form, simply add 'im after the noun (similar to the English 's).
Alternatively use de, which means "of", e.g. "The book of Graham".
Verbs
editAll verbs conjugate the same way, regardless of their ending. Endings are bold.
Main Conjugations
editInfinitive
editlotrotaz = to have
Present tense
editlotrotõ = I have
lotrotẽ = you (s) have
lotrota = he/she/it has
lotrotos = we have
lotrotes = you (pl) have
lotrotas = they have
Continuous present tense
editlotrotyõ = I am having
lotrotyẽ = you (s) are having
lotrotya = he/she/it is having
lotrotyos = we are having
lotrotyes = you (pl) are having
lotrotyas = they are having
Perfect tense
editlotrotabõ = I have had
lotrotabẽ = you (s) have had
lotrotaba = he/she/it has had
lotrotabos = we have had
lotrotabes = you (pl) have had
lotrotabas = they have had
Continuous perfect tense
editlotrotyabõ = I have been having
lotrotyabẽ = you (s) have been having
lotrotyaba = he/she/it has been having
lotrotyabos = we have been having
lotrotyabes = you (pl) have been having
lotrotyabas = they have been having
Simple past tense
editlotrotesõ = I had
lotrotesẽ = you (s) had
lotrotesa = he/she/it had
lotrotesos = we had
lotroteses = you (pl) had
lotrotesas = they had
Imperfect tense
editlotrotehõ = I was having
lotrotehẽ = you (s) were having
lotroteha = he/she/it was having
lotrotehos = we were having
lotrotehes = you (pl) were having
lotrotehas = they were having
Pluperfect tense
editlotrotũbõ = I had had
lotrotũbẽ = you (s) had had
lotrotũba = he/she/it had had
lotrotũbos = we had had
lotrotũbes = you (pl) had had
lotrotũbas = they had had
Continuous pluperfect tense
editlotrotyũbõ = I had been having
lotrotyũbẽ = you (s) had been having
lotrotyũba = he/she/it had been having
lotrotyũbos = we had been having
lotrotyũbes = you (pl) had been having
lotrotyũbas = they had been having
Future tense
editlotrotizõ = I will have
lotrotizẽ = you (s) will have
lotrotiza = he/she/it will have
lotrotizos = we will have
lotrotizes = you (pl) will have
lotrotizas = they will have
Near future tense
editya lotrotõ = I am going to have
ya lotrotẽ = you (s) are going to have
ya lotrota = he/she/it is going to have
ya lotrotos = we are going to have
ya lotrotes = you (pl) are going to have
ya lotrotas = they are going to have
Future perfect tense
editlotrotibõ = I will have had
lotrotibẽ = you (s) will have had
lotrotiba = he/she/it will have had
lotrotibos = we will have had
lotrotibes = you (pl) will have had
lotrotibas = they will have had
Continuous future perfect tense
editya lotrotibõ = I will have been having
ya lotrotibẽ = you (s) will have been having
ya lotrotiba = he/she/it will have been having
ya lotrotibos = we will have been having
ya lotrotibes = you (pl) will have been having
ya lotrotibas = they will have been having
Imperative
editDirect Imperative
editDirect Imperatives are orders: e.g. Cook some dinner for yourself (Cũqed ha glogod feur sidz).
lotroted = have (s)
lotrotidis = let's have
lotrotedes = have (pl)
lotrotid = have (neutral)
Indirect Imperative
editIndirect Imperatives are things that must happen. See Modal Verbs.
N.B. There is an irregular word in the verb "to be" (sasataz), i.e. there are 2 words for "it is": sasata AND ge. Both are acceptable in any circumstance.
Participles
editPast
editlotrotũb = had
Present
editlotrotab = have
Gerund
editThe gerund, like other parts of the verb, is always regular.
lotrotyuz = having
Subjunctive
editIf = qod
Subjunctives are identical to regular conjugations.
"QOD" should always come BEFORE "SEN" with negatives.
Articles
editThe = lat
A (an) = a
Some = ha
Passive Voice
editThe passive voice can be formed by adding "qe" before a normal future, present or past tense conjugation applicable to the sentence (e.g. Yellow Submarine qe fildexesa sa The Beatles = Yellow Submarine was written by The Beatles). Alternatively, it can be formed the same way as in English: using the verb to be (sasataz) followed by the past participle.
Modal Verbs
editThese are equivalents of modal verbs. They conjugate regularly. The English past tense equivalent is in brackets.
fũtaz = can (could)
gustaz = want (wanted)
qutaz = must (needed to)
kotũpaz = would (would (have) )
foldaz = should (should (have) )
Plurals
editPluralization follows a regular pattern: every noun is pluralized with the addition of an -s if the noun ends with a vowel, and -es if it ends with a consonant.
Negatives
editTo make a word negative, add the word "sen" before it (e.g. sen lotrotõ a ceyibej = I don't have a cat).
Questions
editDop = who
Fĩ = what
Dœrset = when
Dũta = where
Lẽda = why
Dẽya = how
Nuer = how much / how many
Dus = which
When Speaking
editQuestions are formed either by raising the voice or using a question word (a list of these is show above):
Fĩ ge lat jœrek? (What is the time?)
When Writing
editQuestions are formed by adding a question mark at the end of the sentence, or using a question word and adding a question mark at the end of the sentence.
Sid lotrotabẽ dudfit? (Have you had lunch?)
Uses
editI'll get back to you on that one.
Linguistic Composition
editThe language is composed as follows:
100% from thin air
Dictionary
editA dictionary of common words is coming soon.