User:Skycbradford/Counseling psychology

Article Draft

Lead

Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that began with a focus on vocational counseling, but later moved its emphasis to adjustment counseling, and then expanded to cover all normal psychology psychotherapy. There are many subcategories for counseling psychology, such as marriage and family counseling, rehabilitation counseling, clinical mental health counseling, educational counseling, etc. In each setting, they are all required to follow the same guidelines.

Variables in the counseling process

Counseling psychologists are interested in answering a variety of research questions about counseling process and outcome. Counseling process refers to how or why counseling happens and progresses. Currently, it is becoming more common for someone to be concerned with their emotions and motivations, as well as learning how to control and manage their unwanted habits or feelings. When a client chooses to receive counseling, it is sometimes used in order to achieve this. [My citation] Counseling outcome addresses whether or not counseling is effective, under what conditions it is effective, and what outcomes are considered effective—such as symptom reduction, behavior change, or quality of life improvement. Topics commonly explored in the study of counseling process and outcome include therapist variables, client variables, the counseling or therapeutic relationship, cultural variables, process and outcome measurement, mechanisms of change, and process and outcome research methods. Classic approaches appeared early in the US in the field of humanistic psychology by Carl Rogers[,] who identified the mission of counseling interview[s] as "to permit deeper expression that the client would ordinarily allow himself"

Subcategories of Counseling [Proposed new section]

Marriage and Family Counseling [Proposing this section be added under subcategories]

The purpose of marriage and family counseling is to explore the relationships and interactions in the family and discuss the positive actions already taken, and how to change the negative actions in order to bring productive change to the family.[My citation] Marriage and family counseling allows the family to discover how they can work together to make the household functional and find solutions, when necessary.

Rehabilitation Counseling [Proposing this new section be added under subcategories]

The purpose of Rehabilitation counseling is to work alongside people with disabilities in order to achieve their academic, career, or personal goals.[My citation] In rehabilitation counseling, a counselor works closely with the client to address their goals, and come up with a plan to achieve those goals.

Clinical Mental Health Counseling [Proposing this new section be added under subcategories] [Is already recommended to merge it into the article somehow]

Clinical mental health counseling is addressing a variety of issues such as addiction, family and relationship issues, abuse, and stress. Clinical mental health counseling provides guidance on how to handle and cope with these life struggles. They help make any adjustments in order to improve the quality of life for each client. [My citation]

Educational Counseling [Proposing this new section be added under subcategories]

The purpose of Educational counseling is to work with students in elementary, junior high, and high school to discuss future education goals. For elementary and junior high, educational counselors are there to provide support and work alongside teachers and parents in order to avert negative actions and replace them with positive. In high school, an educational counselor is mainly there to help guide students to success after graduation. [My citation]

Counseling ethics and regulation

Perceptions on ethical behaviors vary depending upon geographical location, but ethical mandates are similar throughout the global community. Ethical standards are created to help practitioners, clients and the community avoid any possible harm or potential for harm. The standard ethical behaviors are centered on "doing no harm" and preventing harm. An excellent guideline to follow is the Ethics Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.[Added citation] This code lists out the expectations psychologists must meet and thoroughly clarifies portions of the code. Some examples from the code would be respecting clients' rights, ensuring proper professional competence, ensuring the client's welfare, and giving informed consent to name a few items from the code.[Added Citation] Several states require counselors to follow a specific Code of Ethics which was revised and updated in 2014.[Added citation] Failure to follow this code can lead to license revocation or more severe consequences. One of the major reason for the Code of Conduct is to better protect and serve the client and the counselor.

Counselors must review with their clients verbally and in writing the responsibilities and rights that the counselor and client have. On top of this, counselors must explain the purpose, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks, benefits of service: the counselor's qualifications, credentials, relevant experience, approach to counseling; continuation of service upon the death of counselor; the role of technology; and other pertinent information. [This was copied word for word from the ACA Code of Ethics.]

Counselors must share their techniques with the client. This should include their goals for the client in their sessions, and breaking down the procedures of each session. It is required for any counselor to discuss their qualifications and credentials in order to establish trust in the relationship. There should be a breakdown of what to expect during each session and the provider should address any concerns or misgivings a patient might share about their choice to seek counseling. [My citation][Added this section to the mainspace]

Vocational theories

There are several types of theories of vocational choice and development. These types include trait and factor theories, social cognitive theories, and developmental theories. Two examples of trait and factor theories, also known as person–environment fit, are Holland's theory and the Theory of Work Adjustment.

John Holland hypothesized six vocational personality/interest types and six work environment types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional. [Added citation for Holland's theory-need more information]When a person's vocational interests match his or her work environment types, this is considered congruence. Congruence has been found to predict occupation and college major.

The Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA), as developed by René Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist, hypothesizes that the correspondence between a worker's needs and the reinforced systems predicts job satisfaction, and that the correspondence between a worker's skills and a job's skill requirements predicts job satisfaction. Job satisfaction and personal satisfaction together should determine how long one remains at a job. When there is a discrepancy between a worker's needs or skills and the job's needs or skills, then change needs to occur either in the worker or the job environment. If there is a discrepancy between a worker's needs or skills and the job's needs or skills, then it is ideal for one of them to change in order to best suit the needs of each overall.

My References: [1], [3],[4], [5], [6], [7], [9]

Response to Peer Reviews:

CDLR50: Sherah's review was done before any work was in my sandbox, so she reviewed the original article. I used all of her suggestions as they were very helpful and gave me another view on what could be added to the article! I added to the Lead like she suggested. I added the subcategories like she suggested. There was not a section for it in the article, so I am proposing a new section containing these. I do plan on adding more to each one once I find some more sources for each, based on the questions for further research of each subcategory. I have not added anything about cultural approaches, just because that is not the route I was planning to take with the article. I looked into it with sources, and I just was not comfortable with the amount of information I had on it to add it. Her review was taken highly into consideration and I am very appreciative.

Wmosely001: Did not leave a review.

Deezytings: It was proposed a form of media be added to the article. I have decided not to add any image. I have not found one that would add to the article, without being too distracting.

Djward21: The proposed changes were to adjust the introduction to form a better definition of counseling psychology. I did not copy and paste over the whole lead from the original article, but the original article gives an easy to understand definition of counseling psychology, as quoted by a source. The second proposed change was to add more to the new subcategories section. I have begun writing further about each. The final proposed change was to add more citations. I have since added a few more.

Awatson723: I appreciate the easy layout of proposed ideas! I am a bit confused about the first point with my sources- My reference list should correspond with the citations in the body. Proposed changes 2-4 are about the new proposed subcategories section. Each one is to add more to each section to add depth and more information. I agree! I have been finding sources to use for these sections to add to them. I have begun adding to each. I am confused on point 5, the subsections are under a title to group them together and make easier to read. As for the final point, the original article goes in depth on vocational theories so I did not copy and paste that section over to my Sandbox.