Wikipedia

User:Skyvine/(Notes/Draft): CeaseFire Cure Violence

< User:Skyvine

TODO:

  • Finish history section
  • Expand on community building

* First major action involved community response * Look at strategy & tactics links * Give it an arc

  • Find article that talked about workers helping people save face
  • Reorganize notes
  • Evidence
  • Community Relationships

* Article about city w/ successful police collab

  • Look over "key people" section of infobox
  • Integrate the "notable endorsements" section
  • Review lead section

* Note: somebody changed the old wording to emphasize that this is a healthcare approach to violence reduction, claiming that it is inaccurate to say it is an anti-violence program. I think there is some room for debate with the description, but their wording is not wrong, so probably keep it to avoid conflict. If there is a reason not to keep it, make sure this is mentined on the talk page before editing.

  • Request peer review

Draft: New/Overhauled Sections

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History

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Model

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Community Building

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Relationship with Law Enforcement

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Notes on paragraph currently in violence interruption section
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Current text: Some people, particularly law enforcement officials, criticize the credible messenger aspect because it means that the people employed by Cure Violence are frequently convicted offenders. Preceding a collaborative agreement between Cure Violence and the Chicago Police Department, then-superintendent Garry McCarthy told WBEZ that he disliked their methods because Cure Violence workers "tell people, ‘Well, don’t talk to the police. We understand you can’t trust the police, but look at us, you can trust us’ - they’re undercutting that legitimacy that we’re trying to create in the community”.[1] The executive director of Cure Violence, Tio Hardiman, responded to this by stating that their workers do not actively discourage people from reporting or otherwise cooperating with police. However, he did acknowledge that some tension exists when he told WBEZ that "[I]f the young guys that we work with feel that we’re … being informants, or whatever, there’s a chance some of our staff will lose their lives.".[2]

This is centered arounnd one particular incident, uses quotes too much, and is a phenomenon not unique to Chicago. It is also a thing in Baltimore.[3] I don't recall seeing anything in the KC articles, but their program was taking constant Ls from the city anyway, so the cops didn't really have a reason to get uppity...

Other Notes
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Seems like the relationship is strained, but there are a few places where they cooperate productively. These links are more of the latter than the former, because the former is more spread out through off-hand comments rather than about this specifically.

"The Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) program notifies the group when a shooting occurs so it can mobilize a response in that neighborhood."[4] "We're behind it," he said. "Having interested individuals speak with these young people to direct them away from crime can only be a positive thing and help the police."[5] Slutkin on outreach complementing police [6] [7] Safe passage https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-08-20-ct-met-uptown-shooting-folo-20130821-story.html Collaborative relationship in LA (is LA program under CV? if not comparison still might be relevant to discuss) https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-violence-chicago-new-york-los-angeles-met-20150918-story.html Endorsement of CPD leader https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-chicago-police-eddie-johnson-met-20160328-story.html

It seems like the programs tend to have support from the department when they start.

Sponsored jobs, health, and education fair."Kansas City: Fair for Jobs, Health and Education". The Kansas City Star. January 23, 2013 – via Newspapers.com.

Kansas city: [8] Chicago: [9] [10]

Tensions seem to rise when budgets are in question for some strange, incomprehensible reason.

KC: [11] Chicago: [12]

Contrary: divison commander supported program while it was searching for funding [13]

2012 Partnership with Chicago Police Department

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Article on midway point: https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-ceasefire-and-the-chicago-police-taking-stock-of-an-uncomfortable-relationship-20130404-story.html Concerns of active criminals in the ranks https://www.wbez.org/stories/despite-earlier-criticism-chicago-moves-ahead-with-ceasefire-funding/692734de-c8e2-4b6a-8d7d-263138f1cbc4 FOP comments, McCarthy speaks positively https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/fop-chicago-ceasefire-police-partnership/1932153/ Layoffs after end of contract https://wgntv.com/news/ceasefire-shut-down-in-2-communities/

Relationship with the Press

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They seem to get positive coverage. Not sure if this is noteworthy, but I already put a note about how the Chicago Times consistently supported them in there, so doesn't hurt to collect more here. Note that these are *editorials* by the press, and they can be used as evidence of the press's view of the programs, but the claims made in the articles might be suspect.

Note: save any negative editorials you find too Note: if you end up using these, look at the Tribune ones again and check if they were staff editorials or submitted ones, the difference matters

Baltimore Sun: https://www.newspapers.com/image/263578743/?terms=%22safe%20streets%22&match=1 https://www.newspapers.com/image/263661802/?terms=%22safe%20streets%22&match=1 https://www.newspapers.com/image/263806828/?terms=%22safe%20streets%22&match=1 https://www.newspapers.com/image/263861513/?terms=%22safe%20streets%22&match=1 https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-safe-streets-20160318-story.html

Relationship with Schools

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In 2008, Chicago experienced an increase in school violence. Tio Hardiman, who was then the executive director of CeaseFire, attributed this rise to the jailing of gang leaders,[14] and advocated for conflict resolution and employment opportunities to address the problem.[15][16] Gary Slutkin also expressed support for other measures such as a ban on handguns which was implemented by Chicago.[17] In Baltimore, Safe Streets was involved with post-incident mental health care (maybe not that fancy) after a stabbing.[18]

Aim4peace spoke to truant teenagers after ordinance.Robertson, Joe (October 27, 2012). "Under new city ordinance, truancy sweep bares teeth". The Kansas City Star – via Newspapers.com.

Relationship with Hospitals

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as well as hospitals to begin outreach while high-risk patients were recovering from violence-related injuries.[19] At this time, both CeaseFire and law enforcement shared credit with each other in public statements.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).

In KC, visited hopsitals to focus on recovery not retaliation.[20]

Evaluation

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Academic Research

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2015 Skogan analysis https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/NACJD/studies/23880/summary https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171214163300.htm https://johnjayrec.nyc/2020/11/09/av2020/ (mentions other orgs that might use violence interruption) 2009 DoJ report: http://www.skogan.org/files/Evaluation_of_CeaseFire-Chicago_Main_Report.03-2009.pdf Skogan report (check trustability, cited by NIC https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/ceasefire-public-health-approach-reduce-shootings-and-killings ): http://www.skogan.org/files/Evaluation_of_CeaseFire-Chicago_Main_Report.03-2009.pdf 2014 McCormick report on contract performance (Chicago PD collab) https://cvg.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/McCormick_CreaseFire_Quantitative_Report_091114.pdf [21] Baltimore report https://web.archive.org/web/20141213023230/http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/web-assets/2012/01/evaluation-of-baltimore-s-safe-streets-program Qualitative evaluation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3907621/ Possibly relevant researcher: https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/persons/andrew-v-papachristos/publications/ Skogan's body of work, is he relevant at all? XP https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/persons/wesley-g-skogan/publications/ Delgado "directs the evaluation of Cure Violence" https://johnjayrec.nyc/category/sheyla-delgado/ 2023 Johns Hopkins Safe Streets analysis https://publichealth.jhu.edu/sites/default/files/2023-03/estimating-the-effects-of-safe-streets-baltimore-on-gun-violence-march-2023.pdf 2012 Johns Hopkins Safe Streets analysis https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/center-for-prevention-of-youth-violence/field_reports/2012_01_11.Executive%20SummaryofSafeStreetsEval.pdf

By City

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Cicero

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CeaseFire began operating in Cicero, Illinois in February 2007, and held its first vigil the following month.[22] Cicero was impacted by the #2007 Budget Cut, but the local program survived due to local fundraising and as well as funding through alternative grants.[23][24]

NYC

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https://www.cityandstateny.com/opinion/2021/07/promise-and-peril-cure-violence-nyc/184043/ https://www.hfg.org/conversations/social-disruptions-reveal-who-we-are-a-conversation-with-jeffrey-butts/

https://www.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/477-21/recovery-budget-mayor-de-blasio-speaker-johnson-city-council-reach-agreement-the-fiscal https://johnjayrec.nyc/2017/10/02/cvinsobronxeastny/ https://criminaljustice.cityofnewyork.us/press-release/shootings-fell-sharply-in-neighborhoods-operating-nyc-funded-cure-violence-programs-new-study-shows/ https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gun-violence-is-a-public_b_10698848 https://portal.311.nyc.gov/article/?kanumber=KA-03328

Baltimore

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Cincinnati

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Newark, NJ

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Alleged NRA spy https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna26044168

Los Angeles

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Sloppily Categorized Sources

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Kotlowitz, Alex (May 4, 2008). "If Gang Shootings And Revenge Killing Were An Infectious Disease, How Would You Stop It? A Chicago Epidemiologist Thinks He Has The Answer." New York Times Magazine. via Cure Violence.

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There used to be an "external links" section, I removed it because the links do not conform to WP:ELYES. The one exception was the link to the official website, but that is in the infobox so I don't think it makes sense to have a separate "external links" section just for that. I still plan on going through these sources in detail to see if they should be incorporated into the article.

Actions

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Vigil organization https://wgntv.com/news/great-grandfather-killed-2-children-and-woman-injured-in-south-side-shooting/

More on CPD work

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Documentaries

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The Interrupters "Fight for Chicago", Al Jazeera America. Focuses on Rev. Hood, includes discussion of his work with CeaseFire

Strategy & Tactics

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clipping named "Leaders hop to cut down ESL violence" [25] [7] [19] Chicago Tribune (RedEye), "Violence Interrupted" August 10, 2010 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-11-07-0411070010-story.html

Focusing on retaliatory violence: [26]

Funding

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Potential worker talks about not wanting to join because of instability of funding https://www.wbez.org/stories/white-sox-helped-in-battle-against-chicago-gun-violence/71518882-4d06-4fd3-8ee9-883ced0200bf Roseland received ARPA money https://wgntv.com/news/wgn-news-now/14m-awarded-to-combat-gun-violence-in-cook-co/ DOJ granted Aim4peace $1.2 mil (says 6 others were awarded money, but no details about grant >.<)The Kansas City Star. October 2, 2013 https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122680750/kansas-city-12-million-to-fight-viol/ – via Newspapers.com. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Baltimore cut funding after allegations of criminal activity by members.[3] It was later restored.[27]

Media opinion stuff (cut from chicago budget section)

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Both during the leadup to and after the funding cut went into effect, media outlets wrote favorably about CeaseFire both in opinion pieces and analysis. In some cases, they attributed an overall reduction in violent crime to CeaseFire, at least in part.[28][29][30][31] In Chicago, the Tribune claimed that renewed CeaseFire funding could help resolve the crises of youth violence that grew in 2008.[32][33]

Chicago murder rates fell in 2009, which the Chicago Tribune attributed both to CeaseFire's expanded activities and evolving police strategies.[34][35] However, the state consistently funded the program only during spring and summer, reducing their impact during winter and fall.[36][37][38]

KC Struggle for Funding

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There was some difficulty because aim4peace was originally funded with a health levy, then the city decided that it didn't make sense to classify them this way. This might be interesting to discuss, as they advertise themselves as promoting both lawful behavior and improved health outcomes.

[39] [11] [40]

2015 Budget Cuts

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A lot less discussion about this one than about the first round of budget cuts. *shrugs* https://qconline.com/news/illinois/anti-violence-group-lose-funds-as-illinois-freezes-spending/article_a1b50690-c408-11e4-9d01-6b3cf80ac951.html https://www.bnd.com/news/local/article24019279.html https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119641161/state-cuts-hurt-latino-services/ https://jg-tc.com/anti-violence-programs-shut-down-as-chicago-shootings-climb/article_42427c1a-dc7c-540b-b9d8-fc3676391a94.html

2016 increase

https://abc7chicago.com/news/renewed-calls-to-stop-gun-violence-as-toddlers-among-recent-victims/1297836/

2017 discussion after record murders in 2016:

Slutkin letter "predicting" the violence https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/clarence-page/ct-chicago-murders-gun-violence-gary-slutkin-ceasefire-perspec-0101-jm-20161230-story.html Money available after tax rebates not used https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-rahm-emanuel-property-tax-rebate-spending-met-0119-20170118-story.html Mayor gave money to anti-violence programs, "including ceasefire": https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/dahleen-glanton/ct-windfall-violence-glanton-20170403-story.html

Work with hospitals

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Possley, Maura (October 7, 2009). "Primetime plea". Southtown Star. p. 15. When victims enter the ER, Salzman and the hospital's staff work with CeaseFire to speak with family, the victim and their neighbors - all in the name of preventing retaliation and further violence. [19] https://abc7chicago.com/chicago-violence-gun-domestic-counseling/1633068/ https://wgntv.com/news/mother-of-slain-teen-helps-other-mothers-of-victims-and-combat-violence/

Work with religious groups

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https://herald-review.com/news/local/ceasefire-director-shares-word/article_2657ba84-aea9-11df-9b27-001cc4c002e0.html [36] https://pantagraph.com/rally-seeks-to-end-street-violence-in-decatur/article_8e99ae08-82b1-11e1-8fc5-001a4bcf887a.html https://herald-review.com/news/local/taking-first-step-i-care-march-seeks-to-involve-residents-of-all-parts-of-city/article_9974b5e0-9f15-11e1-84fb-001a4bcf887a.html https://www.chicagotribune.com/ct-rev-robin-hood-dawn-turner-20140728-column.html

Work with Schools

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Not sure if there's actually enough here https://www.newspapers.com/image/240898021/?terms%22ceasefire%22&match1 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-08-09-ct-met-cps-safe-passages-0810-20130810-story.html Safe passage https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-08-20-ct-met-uptown-shooting-folo-20130821-story.html

Hardiman Incident

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I don't want to distract the article with a tangent about one person, even though he was important in the beginning and this event was notable. Still seems worth at least one sentence. I'd really like to track down who replaced him. Dismissal https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-06-04-ct-met-tio-hardiman-ceasefire-20130604-story.html Arrest https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-06-01-ct-met-ceasefire-arrest-hardiman-20130601-story.html Charges dropped https://www.newspapers.com/image/240384126/?terms%22ceasefire%22&match1 Contract not renewed https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tio-hardiman-out-as-cease_n_3384192 Charges dropped https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tio-hardiman-charges-drop_n_3536162 More charges dropped https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/ceasefire-on-last-legs-after-funding-dries-up/1962720/ Director search https://www.newspapers.com/image/240404930/?termsceasefire&match1

<399 campaign

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Randomly found this, maybe there's more to it maybe not https://www.thetrace.org/2019/07/chicago-gun-violence-399-campaign/

Legally impermissible activities by members

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There seems to be a lot of tension around the hiring of people who have been convicted, and periodically there will be accusations that CV is "funding criminals". This will be difficult to discuss in a neutral way, especially because I haven't seen CV make any lengthy responses and I can't inject my own opinions into the article. The instances where crime has happened needs to be discussed, but not given undue weight.

https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2008-10-16-0810150865-story.html Southern Illinoisan, "Chicago police partner with anti-violence group CeaseFire" June 27, 2012 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-met-ceasefire-gang-leader-0329-story.html [41] https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/ceasefire-illinois-sun-times-arrest-report-hardiman-emanuel-mccarthy/1927745/ https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/ceasefire-worker-charged-in-diamond-theft/64106/

Francisco Sanchez (Two-Six Nation) Slutkin defends Sanchez https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-met-ceasefire-interrupter-gun-sentencing-20180409-story.html Another on arrest: https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-met-ceasefire-gang-leader-0329-story.html Sentencing: https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-met-ceasefire-violence-interrupter-sentencing-20180410-story.html Another on the arrest: https://abc7chicago.com/francisco-sanchez-operation-bunny-trap-cure-violence-activist-arrested/2041158/

Nathan "Bodie" Barksdale: See references in funding, those are about this case Article going over major events, SS defends his work for the program, no evidence that his dealing was done through the program, eroded trust of street officers in the program. At this time Barksdale is in custody but it sounds like his trial has not started yet. https://www.newspapers.com/image/263650568/?terms=%22safe%20streets%22&match=1 Different angle on major events https://www.newspapers.com/image/263663805/?terms=%22safe%20streets%22&match=1 Sentenced to 42 months: https://www.newspapers.com/image/263690426/?terms=%22safe%20streets%22&match=1

2015 Raid: Initial incident: https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-safe-streets-raid-20150714-story.html Mayor defends program. President of organizing foundation: "It would be reasonable to assume that if you're hiring ex-offenders, some portion of them are going to offend again," Embry said. "I would expect some in the future will break the law. The important thing is whether crime goes down in that area." https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-safe-streets-sandtown-20150817-story.html Guns linked to previous violent crimes: https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/crime/bs-md-ci-safe-streets-gun-20150827-story.html Charges dropped [42]

Sexual harassment in the workplace, this seems different than the above examples but seems to fit into the category: https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-met-cure-violence-lawsuit-20181031-story.html University sweeps complaint under the rug: https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-met-uic-cure-violence-investigation-20190425-story.html

Continued violence after budget restoration

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I don't think there's actually anything to this, and if there is then it will probably count as "original analysis" so not includable. Still, if any of the studies reference the period after budget restoration these links might be useful, and I'm a pack rat so leaving these here for now. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2009-07-07-0907060936-story.html https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2009-09-28-0909270259-story.html

Public statements on drug laws

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Again, probably won't go anywhere but maybe it will Southwest Star, "Legalization will haunt dealers, cartels, and curtail violence" July 9, 2009

Public statements on gun laws

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And again, probably won't go anywhere but maybe it will Rockford overseer against concealed carry: https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2012-10-18-chi-winnebago-county-gun-activists-aim-to-buck-state-law-on-concealed-weapons-20121017-story.html Slutkin supported gun ban: [17]

Focus on violence perpetrated by women

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Say it with me now, probably won't go anywhere but maybe it will Note that the context for this is that CV traditionally assumes that men are more at-risk, and focuses on hiring male interrupters to work with male (potential) offenders; they don't let interrupters work with "opposite" sex people to avoid allegations of sexual harassment (because gay people are a myth) https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2009-07-23-0907230056-story.html

Profiles

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These might be useful as references for other things, I don't know of anyone worth devoting an entire section to. But zooming in on what one person does can give details that general statements about their activities lack, so these seem worth saving.

Chicago Tribune, "A Lifetime of Second Chances" March 26, 2012 (no digitized version) Different profile of same person: https://www.chicagotribune.com/hoy/ct-hoy-a-former-west-side-chicago-gang-member-now-a-life-saving-community-leader-20171020-story.html

Other

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https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/spt/Programs/139 "Chicago Drops CeaseFire" https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/chicago-drops-ceasefire-from-anti-violence-strategy/ Article contrasting marches with interrupters: https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2007-06-28-0706271212-story.html Anti-violence programs shut down as chicago shootings climb https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-ceasefire-funds-frozen-as-chicago-shootings-climb-20151009-story.html Slogan - "Don't shoot, I want to grow up" Theoretical extension to domestic abuse https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/can-chicago-cure-violence-make-man-stop-beating-his-wife Article mentioning Scottland http://www.seattlestar.net/2018/08/violent-crime-is-like-infectious-disease-and-we-know-how-to-stop-it-spreading/ CNN Article http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/09/27/chicago.teen.violence/index.html?iref=allsearch Biden funding https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/biden-wants-give-anti-violence-groups-5-billion-here-s-n1263990 Article comparing response to violence in Chicago & response to ISIS https://www.chicagotribune.com/columns/rex-huppke/ct-talk-huppke-islamic-state-20150225-story.html Discussion of social media https://abcnews.go.com/US/chicagos-gang-violence-fueled-social-media/story?id=17464743 Tensions in St Louis https://news.stlpublicradio.org/law-order/2020-08-11/cure-violence-advocates-defect-from-st-louis-program-claim-sabotage-by-city-leaders Article from DOJ newsletter https://nationalgangcenter.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh331/files/media/document/ngc-newsletter-2012-fall.pdf Slutkin discusses global programs, light on details (only 15min) =( mentions some partners/initiative names though https://www.wbez.org/stories/cure-violences-syria-project/7e85661c-90db-4043-8ebc-659e00d614a2 Former worker becomes city's director of violence prevention https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-lightfoot-hires-antiviolence-director-20190916-rq2hcpj6abgd7olmj367yitk7i-story.html Only one active cite in Chicago (as of Oct 2020), funded by donations not gov't https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/breaking/ct-chicago-violence-groups-funding-20201012-tzx4rblrsbeczfqe3b7vc7i7em-story.html Partnership with app crowdsourcing crime data https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/interrupters-using-apps-real-time-shooting-reports-to-break-the-cycle-of-violence/

Books

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The Rules of Contagion: Why Things Spread - and Why They Stop (2020, Adam Kucharski); contains a significant discussion of the organization, compares at least to medical contagions & a comparison to the contagiousness of suicide as a different form of violence. Youth Gangs an Community Intervention: Research, Practice, and Evidence (2010, Columbia University Press); contains a chapter presenting research & analysis of CeaseFire Chicago Views from the streets: The transformation of gangs and violence on Chicago's south side (2020 Roberto Aspholm); critical of the claims of CV's effectiveness

  1. ^ Keefe, Alex (June 21, 2012). "Despite agreement, top cop 'not a big fan' of Chicago anti-violence group". WBEZ Chicago.
  2. ^ Keefe, Alex (July 13, 2012). "Despite earlier criticism, Chicago moves ahead with CeaseFire funding". WBEZ Chicago.
  3. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Safe Streets' Money Spigot Turned Off was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference War with Gunfire was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hopes are High was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Violence, like disease, needs strong antidote was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Chicago officials innovate was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Aim4Peace Aims to Cut Violence was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Pledge was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Time to CeaseFire was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Horsley, Lynn (March 22, 2009). "When Good Works Meet Bad Times". The Kansas City Star – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference FOP Not Thrilled With Ceasefire was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Horsley, Lynn (February 7, 2010). ""KC's Aim4Peace Campaign Touted"". The Kansas City Star – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ Associated Press (April 23, 2008). "A bloody summer?". The Dispatch and The Rock Island Argus. p. C1. Tio Hardiman, executive director of CeaseFire, an anti-violence group that uses former gang members to mediate conflicts, said that with the gang leaders behind bars, rank-and-file members have decided it's every man for himself, and are fighting over turf and money.
  15. ^ Associated Press (March 26, 2008). "Chicago officials respond to spike in student killings". The Times. p. A5. Tio Hardiman, executive director of the anti-violence group CeaseFire, said many young people consider a firearm their only protection, and the way to reduce violence is to stop petty arguments and incidents among young people before they erupt into gunfire.
  16. ^ Associated Press (April 26, 2008). "Chicago working to prevent repeat of deadly weekend". Journal Gazette. p. A8. Tio Hardiman, executive director of CeaseFire, an anti-violence group, said young people need help finding alternatives to the streets.
  17. ^ a b Rozas, Angela; Coen, Jeff (June 26, 2008). "Jury still out on city gun ban". Chicago Tribune.
  18. ^ Green, Erica (December 1, 2015). "School Welcomes Students Back After Stabbing". The Baltimore Sun – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ a b c Shelton, Deborah (January 21, 2008). "Hospital attacks disease of violence". Chicago Tribune.
  20. ^ The Kansas City Star Editorial Board (May 7, 2021). "Is KC anti-violence program worth saving? If not, council has to find replacement". The Kansas City Star.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Public Health Model was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Brokamp, Cari (March 23, 2007). "Cease Fire gets to work". Vol. 81, no. 24. The Life. p. A1, 5. One month after violence prevention organization Cease Fire opened its doors in Cicero, the group spent its week planning a march and vigil for a teenage boy who was shot and killed in town last Saturday.
  23. ^ Vea, Ellyn Ong (March 2, 2008). "New funds keeps axe from Corazon programs". The Life. p. 1.
  24. ^ Vea, Ellyn Ong (March 2, 2008). "New funds keeps axe from Corazon programs". The Life. p. 1, 5.
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference Right Under Our Noses was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ Vendel, Christine (January 2, 2009). "Homicide Total for City Surges". The Kansas City Star – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ Fenton, Justin (May 8, 2010). "Safe Streets Funding is Restored". The Baltimore Sun – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ Huppke, Rex W. (May 9, 2008). "Review: CeaseFire effective in curbing violence". Chicago Tribune.
  29. ^ "Can't be complacent about city's crime drop". Herald & Review. p. A4.
  30. ^ Churchill, Theresa (June 22, 2008). "Decatur crime drops to an eight-year low". Herald & Review.
  31. ^ Zorn, Eric (May 12, 2008). "Blagojevich can fix gaffe on CeaseFire". Chicago Tribune.
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference Futures, Not Funerals was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference Let CeaseFire Fight was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference Many Lives Saved was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Sweeney, Annie (December 29, 2009). "Chicago homicides drop". Chicago Tribune.
  36. ^ a b Churchill, Theresa (March 2, 2011). "Boosted by church grant, CeaseFire prepares for another antiviolence campaign". Herald & Review.
  37. ^ Churchill, Theresa (October 1, 2010). "Violence, helping youth are focus of town hall meeting in Decatur". Herald & Review.
  38. ^ Churchill, Theresa (September 27, 2010). "NAACP hosts meeting to address violence".
  39. ^ Wilson, Susan (June 8, 2009). ""Budget Cuts Threaten Violence Prevention Programs"". KCUR 98.3. NPR.
  40. ^ Horsley, Lynn (March 10, 2010). "Aim4Peace Funding Less Than Mayor Said". The Kansas City Star – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference Former violence interrupter handed 27 months was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ Fenton, Justin (March 3, 2016). "All Charges Dropped Against 9 Arrested in Safe Streets Raid". The Baltimore Sun – via Newspapers.com.
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