User:Sm8900/Index/Drafts/Presidents rankings

items

rankings

main article: Historical rankings of presidents of the United States

Scholar survey summary

main table

original

Within each column: Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.; Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.; Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of presidents.^[a]; Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.; Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.

Note: click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.

No. ^[b] ^[c]	President	Political party	Schl. 1948^[1]	Schl. 1962^[2]	M-B 1982	CT 1982	Siena 1982	Siena 1990	Siena 1994	R-McI 1996^[3]	Schl. 1996^[4]	C-SPAN 2000	WSJ 2000	Siena 2002	WSJ 2005^[5]	Times 2008^[6]	C-SPAN 2009^[7]	Siena 2010^[8]^[9]	USPC 2011^[10]	APSA 2015^[11]	PHN 2016^[12]	C-SPAN 2017^[13]	APSA 2018^[14]	Siena 2018^[15]	C-SPAN 2021^[16]	Siena 2022^[17]
1	George Washington	Independent	2	2	3	2	4	4	4	3	2 (tie)	3	1	4	1	2	2	4	3	2	3	2	2	1	2	3
2	John Adams	Federalist	9	10	9	15	10	14	12	14	11	16	13	12	13	13	17	17	12	15	10	19	14	14	15	16
3	Thomas Jefferson	Democratic-Republican	5	5	4	5	2	3	5	4	4	7	4	5	4	4	7	5	4	5	5	7	5	5	7	5
4	James Madison	Democratic-Republican	14	12	14	17	9	8	9	10	17	18	15	9	17	15	20	6	14	13	15	17	12	7	16	10
5	James Monroe	Democratic-Republican	12	18	15	16	15	11	15	13	15	14	16	8	16	21	14	7	13	16	14	13	18	8	12	12
6	John Quincy Adams	Democratic-Republican	11	13	16	19	17	16	17	18	18	19	20	17	25	16	19	19	20	22	17	21	23	18	17	17
7	Andrew Jackson	Democratic	6	6	7	7	13	9	11	8	5	13	6	13	10	14	13	14	9	9	16	18	15	19	22	23
8	Martin Van Buren	Democratic	15	17	20	18	21	21	22	21	21	30	23	24	27	40	31	23	27	25	27	34	27	25	34	29
9	William H. Harrison	Whig	–	–	–	–	26	35	28	35	–	37	–	36	–	39	39	35	–^[c]	39	–	38	42	39	40	40
10	John Tyler	Independent^[18]	22	25	28	28	34	33	34	34	32	36	34	37	35	31	35	37	37	36	36	39	37	37	39	39
11	James K. Polk	Democratic	10	8 (tie)	12	10	12	13	14	11	9	12	10	11	9	9	12	12	16	19	22	14	20	12	18	15
12	Zachary Taylor	Whig	25	24	27	26	29	34	33	29	29	28	31	34	33	28	29	33	33	33	33	31	35	30	35	36
13	Millard Fillmore	Whig	24	26	29	31	32	32	35	36	31	35	35	38	36	33	37	38	35	37	39	37	38	38	38	38
14	Franklin Pierce	Democratic	27	28	31	33	35	36	37	37	33 (tie)	39	37 (tie)	39	38	41	40	40	39	40	40	41	41	40	42	41
15	James Buchanan	Democratic	26	29	33	34	37	38	39	40	38	41^[d]	39^[d]	41	40^[d]	42^[d]	42^[d]	42	40^[d]	43^[d]	41^[d]	43^[d]	43	43	44^[d]	44
16	Abraham Lincoln	Republican	1	1	1	1	3	2	2	1	1	1	2	2	2	1	1	3	2	1	2	1	1	3	1	2
17	Andrew Johnson	National Union^[19]	19	23	32	30	38	39	40	39	37	40	36	42^[d]	37	24	41	43^[d]	36	41	37	42	40	44^[d]	43	45^[d]
18	Ulysses S. Grant	Republican	28	30	35	32	36	37	38	38	33 (tie)	33	32	35	29	18	23	26	29	28	23	22	21	24	20	21
19	Rutherford B. Hayes	Republican	13	14	22	22	22	23	24	25	23	26	22	27	24	27	33	31	30	30	32	32	29	32	33	31
20	James A. Garfield	Republican	–	–	–	–	25	30	26	30	–	29	–	33	–	34 (tie)	28	27	–^[c]	31	–	29	34	28	27	27
21	Chester A. Arthur	Republican	17	21 (tie)	23	24	24	26	27	28	26	32	26	30	26	22	32	25	32	32	35	35	31	34	30	33
22, 24	Grover Cleveland	Democratic	8	11	17	13	18	17	19	16	13	17	12	20	12	19	21	20	21	23	24	23	24	23	25	26
23	Benjamin Harrison	Republican	21	20	26	25	31	29	30	31	19	31	27	32	30	29 (tie)	30	34	34	29	30	30	32	35	32	34
25	William McKinley	Republican	18	15	18	11	19	19	18	17	16	15	14	19	14	17	16	21	17	21	20	16	19	20	14	22
26	Theodore Roosevelt	Republican	7	7	5	4	5	5	3	5	6	4	5	3	5	5	4	2	5	4	4	4	4	4	4	4
27	William H. Taft	Republican	16	16	19	20	20	20	21	20	22	24	19	21	20	29 (tie)	24	24	25	20	25	24	22	22	23	25
28	Woodrow Wilson	Democratic	4	4	6	6	6	6	6	6	7	6	11	6	11	10	9	8	6	10	6	11	11	11	13	13
29	Warren G. Harding	Republican	29^[d]	31^[d]	36^[d]	36^[d]	39^[d]	40^[d]	41^[d]	41^[d]	39^[d]	38	37 (tie)	40	39	34 (tie)	38	41	38	42	38	40	39	41	37	42
30	Calvin Coolidge	Republican	23	27	30	29	30	31	36	33	30	27	25	29	23	26	26	29	28	27	31	27	28	31	24	32
31	Herbert Hoover	Republican	20	19	21	21	27	28	29	24	33 (tie)	34	29	31	31	36	34	36	26	38	29	36	36	36	36	37
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt	Democratic	3	3	2	3	1	1	1	2	2 (tie)	2	3	1	3	3	3	1	1	3	1	3	3	2	3	1
33	Harry S. Truman	Democratic	–	8 (tie)	8	8	7	7	7	7	8	5	7	7	7	7	5	9	7	6	8	6	6	9	6	7
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower	Republican	–	21 (tie)	11	9	11	12	8	9	10	9	9	10	8	6	8	10	10	7	9	5	7	6	5	6
35	John F. Kennedy	Democratic	–	–	13	14	8	10	10	15	12	8	18	14	15	11	6	11	15	14	12	8	16	10	8	9
36	Lyndon B. Johnson	Democratic	–	–	10	12	14	15	13	12	14	10	17	15	18	12	11	16	11	12	11	10	10	16	11	8
37	Richard Nixon	Republican	–	–	34	35	28	25	23	32	36	25	33	26	32	37 (tie)	27	30	23	34	26	28	33	29	31	28
38	Gerald Ford	Republican	–	–	24	23	23	27	32	27	28	23	28	28	28	25	22	28	24	24	28	25	25	27	28	30
39	Jimmy Carter	Democratic	–	–	25	27	33	24	25	19	27	22	30	25	34	32	25	32	18	26	18	26	26	26	26	24
40^[e]	Ronald Reagan	Republican	–	–	–	–	16	22	20	26	25	11	8	16	6	8	10	18	8	11	13	9	9	13	9	18
41^[e]	George H. W. Bush	Republican	–	–	–	–	–	18	31	22	24	20	21	22	21	20	18	22	22	17	21	20	17	21	21	20
42^[e]	Bill Clinton	Democratic	–	–	–	–	–	–	16	23	20	21	24	18	22	23	15	13	19	8	19	15	13	15	19	14
43^[e]	George W. Bush	Republican	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	23	19	37 (tie)	36	39	31	35	34	33	30	33	29	35
44^[e]	Barack Obama	Democratic	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15	(8)^[f]	18	7	12	8	17	10	11
45^[e]	Donald Trump	Republican	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	44^[d]	42	41	43
46^[e]	Joe Biden	Democratic	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	19
Total surveyed^[b]^[c]			29	31	36	36	39	40	41	41	39	41	39	42	40	42	42	43	40	43	41	43	44	44	44	45

^ Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these halves each into two quartiles. When splitting an odd total number of rankings, the median is given an intermediate color.
^ ^a ^b Note: Grover Cleveland was elected to two non-consecutive terms, serving as both the 22nd and 24th president of the United States; he is the only person to have held the office in non-consecutive terms. Because Cleveland had two presidencies, the number of persons who have served as president is one less than the number of presidents in order of succession.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d William Henry Harrison and James Garfield are sometimes omitted from rankings of the presidents because of the brevity of their terms in office. In addition to Grover Cleveland's two presidential numbers, this contributes to the number of ranks assigned by some sources being less than the presidential complement of the era.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Underline within a column indicates a given survey's lowest-ranking president (or presidents, in the event of a tie for last place).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Italics within row indicate rank awarded before president had completed term in office.
^ Obama would place 8th based on provisional scores of the USPC 2011 survey, but was not given a ranking in the final results as he had not yet completed his term when the survey was conducted.

test section

Scholar survey summary

Within each column: Blue backgrounds indicate rankings in the first quartile.; Green backgrounds indicate rankings in the second quartile.; Yellow-green backgrounds indicate the median ranking of an odd number of presidents.^[a]; Yellow backgrounds indicate rankings in the third quartile.; Orange backgrounds indicate rankings in the fourth quartile.

Note: click the "sort" icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order.

table section

No. ^[b] ^[c]	President	Political party	Schl. 1948^[1]	Schl. 1962^[2]	M-B 1982	CT 1982	Siena 1982	Siena 1990	Siena 1994	R-McI 1996^[3]	Schl. 1996^[4]	C-SPAN 2000	WSJ 2000	Siena 2002	WSJ 2005^[5]	Times 2008^[6]	C-SPAN 2009^[20]	Siena 2010^[8]^[9]	USPC 2011^[10]	APSA 2015^[11]	PHN 2016^[12]	C-SPAN 2017^[13]	APSA 2018^[14]	Siena 2018^[21]	C-SPAN 2021^[16]	Mantz 2023^[22]
1	George Washington	Independent	2	2	3	2	4	4	4	3	2 (tie)	3	1	4	1	2	2	4	3	2	3	2	2	1	2	3
2	John Adams	Federalist	9	10	9	15	10	14	12	14	11	16	13	12	13	13	17	17	12	15	10	19	14	14	15	16
3	Thomas Jefferson	Democratic-Republican	5	5	4	5	2	3	5	4	4	7	4	5	4	4	7	5	4	5	5	7	5	5	7	55D; was 5
4	James Madison	Democratic-Republican	14	12	14	17	9	8	9	10	17	18	15	9	17	15	20	6	14	13	15	17	12	7	16	10
5	James Monroe	Democratic-Republican	12	18	15	16	15	11	15	13	15	14	16	8	16	21	14	7	13	16	14	13	18	8	12	12
6	John Quincy Adams	Democratic-Republican	11	13	16	19	17	16	17	18	18	19	20	17	25	16	19	19	20	22	17	21	23	18	17	17
7	Andrew Jackson	Democratic	6	6	7	7	13	9	11	8	5	13	6	13	10	14	13	14	9	9	16	18	15	19	22	23
8	Martin Van Buren	Democratic	15	17	20	18	21	21	22	21	21	30	23	24	27	40	31	23	27	25	27	34	27	25	34	29
9	William H. Harrison	Whig	–	–	–	–	26	35	28	35	–	37	–	36	–	39	39	35	–^[c]	39	–	38	42	39	40	40
10	John Tyler	Independent^[18]	22	25	28	28	34	33	34	34	32	36	34	37	35	31	35	37	37	36	36	39	37	37	39	39
11	James K. Polk	Democratic	10	8 (tie)	12	10	12	13	14	11	9	12	10	11	9	9	12	12	16	19	22	14	20	12	18	10B; was 15
12	Zachary Taylor	Whig	25	24	27	26	29	34	33	29	29	28	31	34	33	28	29	33	33	33	33	31	35	30	35	36
13	Millard Fillmore	Whig	24	26	29	31	32	32	35	36	31	35	35	38	36	33	37	38	35	37	39	37	38	38	38	38
14	Franklin Pierce	Democratic	27	28	31	33	35	36	37	37	33 (tie)	39	37 (tie)	39	38	41	40	40	39	40	40	41	41	40	42	41
15	James Buchanan	Democratic	26	29	33	34	37	38	39	40	38	41^[d]	39^[d]	41	40^[d]	42^[d]	42^[d]	42	40^[d]	43^[d]	41^[d]	43^[d]	43	43	44^[d]	44
16	Abraham Lincoln	Republican	1	1	1	1	3	2	2	1	1	1	2	2	2	1	1	3	2	1	2	1	1	3	1	2
17	Andrew Johnson	National Union^[19]	19	23	32	30	38	39	40	39	37	40	36	42^[d]	37	24	41	43^[d]	36	41	37	42	40	44^[d]	43	45^[d]
18	Ulysses S. Grant	Republican	28	30	35	32	36	37	38	38	33 (tie)	33	32	35	29	18	23	26	29	28	23	22	21	24	20	21
19	Rutherford B. Hayes	Republican	13	14	22	22	22	23	24	25	23	26	22	27	24	27	33	31	30	30	32	32	29	32	33	31
20	James A. Garfield	Republican	–	–	–	–	25	30	26	30	–	29	–	33	–	34 (tie)	28	27	–^[c]	31	–	29	34	28	27	27
21	Chester A. Arthur	Republican	17	21 (tie)	23	24	24	26	27	28	26	32	26	30	26	22	32	25	32	32	35	35	31	34	30	33
22, 24	Grover Cleveland	Democratic	8	11	17	13	18	17	19	16	13	17	12	20	12	19	21	20	21	23	24	23	24	23	25	26
23	Benjamin Harrison	Republican	21	20	26	25	31	29	30	31	19	31	27	32	30	29 (tie)	30	34	34	29	30	30	32	35	32	34
25	William McKinley	Republican	18	15	18	11	19	19	18	17	16	15	14	19	14	17	16	21	17	21	20	16	19	20	14	22
26	Theodore Roosevelt	Republican	7	7	5	4	5	5	3	5	6	4	5	3	5	5	4	2	5	4	4	4	4	4	4	4
27	William H. Taft	Republican	16	16	19	20	20	20	21	20	22	24	19	21	20	29 (tie)	24	24	25	20	25	24	22	22	23	25
28	Woodrow Wilson	Democratic	4	4	6	6	6	6	6	6	7	6	11	6	11	10	9	8	6	10	6	11	11	11	13	13
29	Warren G. Harding	Republican	29^[d]	31^[d]	36^[d]	36^[d]	39^[d]	40^[d]	41^[d]	41^[d]	39^[d]	38	37 (tie)	40	39	34 (tie)	38	41	38	42	38	40	39	41	37	8B; was 42
30	Calvin Coolidge	Republican	23	27	30	29	30	31	36	33	30	27	25	29	23	26	26	29	28	27	31	27	28	31	24	32
31	Herbert Hoover	Republican	20	19	21	21	27	28	29	24	33 (tie)	34	29	31	31	36	34	36	26	38	29	36	36	36	36	37
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt	Democratic	3	3	2	3	1	1	1	2	2 (tie)	2	3	1	3	3	3	1	1	3	1	3	3	2	3	1
33	Harry S. Truman	Democratic	–	8 (tie)	8	8	7	7	7	7	8	5	7	7	7	7	5	9	7	6	8	6	6	9	6	7
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower	Republican	–	21 (tie)	11	9	11	12	8	9	10	9	9	10	8	6	8	10	10	7	9	5	7	6	5	55c; was 6
35	John F. Kennedy	Democratic	–	–	13	14	8	10	10	15	12	8	18	14	15	11	6	11	15	14	12	8	16	10	8	9
36	Lyndon B. Johnson	Democratic	–	–	10	12	14	15	13	12	14	10	17	15	18	12	11	16	11	12	11	10	10	16	11	55B; was 8
37	Richard Nixon	Republican	–	–	34	35	28	25	23	32	36	25	33	26	32	37 (tie)	27	30	23	34	26	28	33	29	31	28
38	Gerald Ford	Republican	–	–	24	23	23	27	32	27	28	23	28	28	28	25	22	28	24	24	28	25	25	27	28	30
39	Jimmy Carter	Democratic	–	–	25	27	33	24	25	19	27	22	30	25	34	32	25	32	18	26	18	26	26	26	26	9B
40^[e]	Ronald Reagan	Republican	–	–	–	–	16	22	20	26	25	11	8	16	6	8	10	18	8	11	13	9	9	13	9	18
41^[e]	George H. W. Bush	Republican	–	–	–	–	–	18	31	22	24	20	21	22	21	20	18	22	22	17	21	20	17	21	21	20
42^[e]	Bill Clinton	Democratic	–	–	–	–	–	–	16	23	20	21	24	18	22	23	15	13	19	8	19	15	13	15	19	14
43^[e]	George W. Bush	Republican	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	23	19	37 (tie)	36	39	31	35	34	33	30	33	29	35
44^[e]	Barack Obama	Democratic	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	15	(8)^[f]	18	7	12	8	17	10	8C; was 11
45^[e]	Donald Trump	Republican	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	44^[d]	42	41	43
46^[e]	Joe Biden	Democratic	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	19
Total surveyed^[b]^[c]			29	31	36	36	39	40	41	41	39	41	39	42	40	42	42	43	40	43	41	43	44	44	44	45

notes section

References

notes

^ Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these halves each into two quartiles. When splitting an odd total number of rankings, the median is given an intermediate color.
^ ^a ^b Note: Grover Cleveland was elected to two non-consecutive terms, serving as both the 22nd and 24th president of the United States; he is the only person to have held the office in non-consecutive terms. Because Cleveland had two presidencies, the number of persons who have served as president is one less than the number of presidents in order of succession.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d William Henry Harrison and James Garfield are sometimes omitted from rankings of the presidents because of the brevity of their terms in office. In addition to Grover Cleveland's two presidential numbers, this contributes to the number of ranks assigned by some sources being less than the presidential complement of the era.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Underline within a column indicates a given survey's lowest-ranking president (or presidents, in the event of a tie for last place).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Italics within row indicate rank awarded before president had completed term in office.
^ Obama would place 8th based on provisional scores of the USPC 2011 survey, but was not given a ranking in the final results as he had not yet completed his term when the survey was conducted.

footnotes

^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference ReferenceA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Schlesinger, Arthur M pp. 12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference books.google.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference schles96 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Wall Street Journal Online was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Nico Hines (October 31, 2008). "The Greatest US Presidents: The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
Print version of top 14: Ben MacIntyre (1 November 2008) "The big question: who is the greatest president of all time?" The Times. London. p. 42.
^ "Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey". CNN. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Siena_2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Thomas 3&CPISortType=&CPIorderBy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b United States Presidency Centre, UK Survey of US Presidents: Results: Total Scores and Overall Ranking Archived September 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference Brandon Rottinghaus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference PHN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b "Total Scores/Overall Rankings". Presidential Historians Survey 2017. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents? was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Presidents 2018 Rank by Category" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Presidential Historians Survey 2021". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
^ "Siena College Research Institute: 2022 Survey of U.S. Presidents: Presidents Rank Over Time" (PDF). Retrieved June 23, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket as Harrison's vice president, but Tyler became an independent after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.
^ ^a ^b When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket. Not until 1868, long after the National Union Party had disbanded, did Johnson rejoin the Democratic Party.
^ "Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey". CNN. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
^ "Presidents 2018 Rank by Category" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
^ "Siena College Research Institute: 2022 Survey of U.S. Presidents: Presidents Rank Over Time" (PDF). Retrieved June 23, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Footer section

[quartiles-1] Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these halves each into two quartiles. When splitting an odd total number of rankings, the median is given an intermediate color.

[OneMissing-2] Note: Grover Cleveland was elected to two non-consecutive terms, serving as both the 22nd and 24th president of the United States; he is the only person to have held the office in non-consecutive terms. Because Cleveland had two presidencies, the number of persons who have served as president is one less than the number of presidents in order of succession.

[TwoMinor-3] William Henry Harrison and James Garfield are sometimes omitted from rankings of the presidents because of the brevity of their terms in office. In addition to Grover Cleveland's two presidential numbers, this contributes to the number of ranks assigned by some sources being less than the presidential complement of the era.

[underline-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Underline within a column indicates a given survey's lowest-ranking president (or presidents, in the event of a tie for last place).

[italic-preemie-24] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Italics within row indicate rank awarded before president had completed term in office.

[25] Obama would place 8th based on provisional scores of the USPC 2011 survey, but was not given a ranking in the final results as he had not yet completed his term when the survey was conducted.

[quartiles-26] Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these halves each into two quartiles. When splitting an odd total number of rankings, the median is given an intermediate color.

[OneMissing-27] Note: Grover Cleveland was elected to two non-consecutive terms, serving as both the 22nd and 24th president of the United States; he is the only person to have held the office in non-consecutive terms. Because Cleveland had two presidencies, the number of persons who have served as president is one less than the number of presidents in order of succession.

[TwoMinor-28] William Henry Harrison and James Garfield are sometimes omitted from rankings of the presidents because of the brevity of their terms in office. In addition to Grover Cleveland's two presidential numbers, this contributes to the number of ranks assigned by some sources being less than the presidential complement of the era.

[underline-32] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Underline within a column indicates a given survey's lowest-ranking president (or presidents, in the event of a tie for last place).

[italic-preemie-33] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Italics within row indicate rank awarded before president had completed term in office.

[34] Obama would place 8th based on provisional scores of the USPC 2011 survey, but was not given a ranking in the final results as he had not yet completed his term when the survey was conducted.

[ReferenceA-4] Cite error: The named reference ReferenceA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Schlesinger,_Arthur_M_pp._12-5] Cite error: The named reference Schlesinger, Arthur M pp. 12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[books.google.com-6] Cite error: The named reference books.google.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[schles96-7] Cite error: The named reference schles96 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Wall_Street_Journal_Online-8] Cite error: The named reference Wall Street Journal Online was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Times_Online-9] Nico Hines (October 31, 2008). "The Greatest US Presidents: The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
Print version of top 14: Ben MacIntyre (1 November 2008) "The big question: who is the greatest president of all time?" The Times. London. p. 42.

[10] "Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey". CNN. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2010.

[Siena_2010-11] Cite error: The named reference Siena_2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Thomas_3&CPISortType=&CPIorderBy-12] Cite error: The named reference Thomas 3&CPISortType=&CPIorderBy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[USPC-13] United States Presidency Centre, UK Survey of US Presidents: Results: Total Scores and Overall Ranking Archived September 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

[Brandon_Rottinghaus-14] Cite error: The named reference Brandon Rottinghaus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[PHN-15] Cite error: The named reference PHN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[2017_C-SPAN-16] "Total Scores/Overall Rankings". Presidential Historians Survey 2017. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.

[How_Does_Trump_Stack_Up_Against_the_Best—and_Worst—Presidents?-17] Cite error: The named reference How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents? was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[18] "Presidents 2018 Rank by Category" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2019.

[2021_C-SPAN-19] "Presidential Historians Survey 2021". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.

[20] "Siena College Research Institute: 2022 Survey of U.S. Presidents: Presidents Rank Over Time" (PDF). Retrieved June 23, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[TylerParty-21] Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket as Harrison's vice president, but Tyler became an independent after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841.

[JohnsonParty-23] When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket. Not until 1868, long after the National Union Party had disbanded, did Johnson rejoin the Democratic Party.

[29] "Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey". CNN. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2010.

[30] "Presidents 2018 Rank by Category" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2019.

[31] "Siena College Research Institute: 2022 Survey of U.S. Presidents: Presidents Rank Over Time" (PDF). Retrieved June 23, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[a]

[b]

[c]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[d]

[19]

[e]

[f]

[a]

[b]

[c]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[d]

[e]

[f]

v t e Presidents of the United States
Presidents and presidencies	George Washington (1789–1797) John Adams (1797–1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809) James Madison (1809–1817) James Monroe (1817–1825) John Quincy Adams (1825–1829) Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) William Henry Harrison (1841) John Tyler (1841–1845) James K. Polk (1845–1849) Zachary Taylor (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore (1850–1853) Franklin Pierce (1853–1857) James Buchanan (1857–1861) Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865–1869) Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877) Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881) James A. Garfield (1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885) Grover Cleveland (1885–1889) Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893) Grover Cleveland (1893–1897) William McKinley (1897–1901) Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) William Howard Taft (1909–1913) Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Richard Nixon (1969–1974) Gerald Ford (1974–1977) Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) Bill Clinton (1993–2001) George W. Bush (2001–2009) Barack Obama (2009–2017) Donald Trump (2017–2021) Joe Biden (2021–present)
Presidency timelines	Washington McKinley T. Roosevelt Taft Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F. D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L. B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G. H. W. Bush Clinton G. W. Bush Obama Trump Biden
Category List