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Madrassa of Al-Nasir Muhammad
The Minaret of the Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad
Religion
Affiliation	Islam
Ecclesiastical or organizational status	Madrassa/Mausoleum
Leadership	Sultan Al-Adil Kitbugha / Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad
Year consecrated	1296
Location
Location	Cairo, Egypt
Architecture
Type	Madrassa/Mausoleum
Style	Arabic, Mamluk
Completed	1303
Specifications
Dome(s)	1
Minaret(s)	1
Materials	Stucco, Marble, Brick

The Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad is a madrasa and mausoleum located in the Bayn al-Qasrayn region of Cairo, Egypt. It was built in the name of the Mamluk sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, but its construction began in 1296 under the reign of Sultan Al-Adil Kitbugha, who was sultan in between Al-Nasir Muhammad’s first and seconds reigns. When Al-Nasir Muhammad returned to the thrown in 1299 he oversaw its construction until its completion in 1303 . The Islamic historian Al-Nuwayri records that Al-Adil Kitbugha built the mausoleum along with the prayer iwan, and Al-Nasir Muhammad completed the construction of the building and added the minaret. Also, the Islamic historian Al-Maqrizi reports that Al-Adil Kitbugha oversaw construction of the building up to the top of the inscription band, and Al-Nasir Muhammad carried out the rest of its construction.

Al-Nasir Muhammad

Al-Nasir Muhammad was the ninth Mamluk sultan of Egypt, the youngest son of Sultan Qalawun, and lived from 1285 to 1341. He was inaugurated as sultan three times, from 1293 to 1294, from 1299 to 1309, and from 1309 to 1341. In December of 1293 Al-Nasir Muhammad’s older brother Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil was assassinated, leaving the throne to the 9-year-old Al-Nasir Muhammad. For his first two reigns Al-Nasir Muhammad played the role of a nominal sultan, with his vice sultan and viziers being the active rulers due to his young age. By the time of his third reign Al-Nasir Muhammad was 24-years-old and took full command of the Mamluk Sultanate. This period passed with no major conflicts, and marked the high point for Mamluk power in Egypt. Al-Nasir Muhammad set into motion many public works such as the construction of canals, squares, madrasas, and mosques.

Al-Nasir Muhammad was never buried in the mausoleum named after him. He was afraid of unrest after his death because of the rivalry between his emirs, and chose to be buried in secret at his father’s mausoleum, the mausoleum of Sultan Qalawun. However, it is the burial site of his mother Bint Sukbay and his son Anuk.

Building

The Mihrab in the Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad

The Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad is located next to the mausoleum of Sultan Qalawun in the Bayn al-Qasrayn. It is made of brick and has stucco designs and inscriptions on the exterior and interior. The inscription along the façade is in the name of Al-Nasir Muhammad, but ends with the original foundation date of 1296. This implies that after regaining the throne in 1299, Al-Nasir Muhammad replaced Al-Adil Kitbugha’s name with his own without altering the second part of the inscription. The Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad is one of only three madrasas in Cairo that houses all four of the Sunni schools of jurisprudence.

The domed mausoleum is separated from the madrasa by the main entrance corridor, which is accessed from a forecourt. Looking across the main entrance corridor are windows in the madrasa and the mausoleum that visually link the buildings. The Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad is home to the last stucco mihrab in Egypt, unique for its raised, egg-shaped stucco bosses in high relief with punched ornament decorating the hood of the mihrab.

Portal

The Portal of the Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad

The most unique aspect of the Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad is its gothic marble portal, acquired from a Christian church in the city of Acre after al-Ashraf Khalil’s victory against the Crusaders in 1291 . After the battle Khalil appointed his emir “to destroy the city walls and demolish its churches”. When the emir came upon the church with this portal as its gate he decided to transport it in its entirety back to Cairo. He kept it for the rest of Khalil’s reign and for all of Al-Nasir Muhammad’s first reign, but it was seized from him by Sultan Al-Adil Kitbugha and used in this madrasa.

The portal “consists of a pointed arch with a triple recess flanked by three slender columns on each side”. At the top of the arch ‘Allah’ has been inscribed. The medieval Islamic Historian Al-Maqrizi praised this portal for its craftsmanship, saying “Its gate is among the most amazing things the sons of Adam have crafted, for it is made from one piece of white marble, marvelous in form and exalted in workmanship”. Although there are several other distinguished portals in mosques and madrasas within Cairo, this gateway holds historical significance, acting as a trophy for the Muslim victory over the Crusaders. Al-Maqrizi’s high praise for this portal could be due to this added sentimental value or its exotic appeal.

Minaret

The Minaret of the Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad

The highly stylized and decorated stucco designs in this minaret adds another element of uniqueness to the Madrasa of Al-Nasir Muhammad. This is one of the only remaining stucco minarets in Cairo, and includes decorations of medallions, keel-arched niches, and sections filled with geometric and floral patterns. These floral patterns are characteristic of stucco carvings from this period. Also, some of the geometric patterns resemble those used in the mihrab of the al-Azhar Mosque. A large band of Kufic script runs along the top of the rectangular arcade.

Only the bottom rectangular section is original, the second story was added in a later period. It has an octagonal shape and green glass or ceramic elements that fill the mouldings that run around its keel-arched panels. This upper section must be from the Ottoman era, and was most likely added by Sultan Inal as it resembles another stone minaret he built in his name.