𒌔𒆠 | |
| Alternative name | Akšak |
|---|---|
| Location | Uncertain |
| Region | Lower Mesopotamia |
| Type | City |
| History | |
| Periods | Early Dynastic period |
| Cultures | Sumer |
| Associated with | Sumerians |
| Site notes | |
| Condition | Lost city |
Akshak (Sumerian: 𒌔𒆠, akšak) was a city of ancient Sumer, situated on the northern boundary of Akkad, sometimes identified with Babylonian Upi (Greek Opis). Akshak first appears in records of ca. 2500 BC. In the Sumerian text Dumuzid's dream, Dumuzid king of Uruk is said to have been toppled from his opulence by a hungry mob composed of men from the major cities of Sumer, including Akshak. Another king of Uruk, Enshakushanna, is recorded as having plundered Akshak. Following this, Akshak was at war with Lagash, and was captured by Eannatum, who claims in one inscription to have smitten its king, Zuzu. The Sumerian king list mentions Unzi, Undalulu, Urur, Puzur-Nirah, Ishu-Il and Shu-Sin as kings of Akshak. Puzur-Nirah is also mentioned in the Weidner Chronicle as reigning in Akshak when a female tavern-keeper, Kug-bau of Kish, was appointed overlordship over Sumer. Akshak was also mentioned in tablets found at Ebla. In ca. 2350 BC, Akshak fell into the hands of Lugalzagesi of Umma. The Akkadian king Shar-Kali-Sharri reports defeating the Elamites in a battle at Akshak. The city was also mentioned in a Old Babylonian period tablet found at Sippar-Amnanum.
Its exact location is uncertain. Classical writers located it where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are closest together and it was mentioned along with Kish in early records. Archaeologists in the 1900s placed Akshak at the site of Tel Omar (or Tel Umar) where a pair of sites straddles the Tigris, but that turned out to be Seleucia (possibly earlier Upi/Opis) when it was excavated by LeRoy Waterman of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Initially it was thought that two inscriptions bearing the name of Akshak were found there but after examiniation that proved not the case. Michael C. Astour placed it on the Tigris, on what is now the southern outskirts of Baghdad.
List of rulers
edit| # | Ruler | Approximated date and length of reign | Succession and death details | Notes and references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of king |
||||
| Early Dynastic IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE) | ||||
| Dynasty of Akshak (r. c. 2470 – c. 2330 BCE) | ||||
| ? | Zuzu | r. c. 2470 BCE | Unclear succession | |
| 1st | Unzi | r. c. 2459 – c. 2429 BCE (30 years) |
Unclear succession | |
| 2nd | Undalulu | r. c. 2429 – c. 2417 BCE (6 or 12 years) |
Unclear succession | |
| 3rd | Urur | r. c. 2417 – c. 2411 BCE (6 years) |
Unclear succession | |
| 4th | Puzur-Nirah | r. c. 2411 – c. 2391 BCE (20 years) |
Unclear succession | |
| 5th | Ishu-Il | r. c. 2391 – c. 2367 BCE (24 years) |
Unclear succession | |
| 6th | Shu-Suen | r. c. 2367 – c. 2360 BCE (7 or 24 years) |
Son of Ishu-Il | |
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ Sumerian: 𒈗, romanized: lugal; transliterated: lú.gal; lugal; lit. 'big man'.
- ^ The Sumerian king list (SKL) is a regnal list that records up to 139 kings said to have held the kingship (Sumerian: 𒉆𒈗, romanized: nam-lugal) over all of Sumer (Sumerian: 𒆠𒂗𒄀, romanized: kién-g̃i(-r)).
- ^ Sumerian: 𒉺𒋼𒋛, romanized: lugal kiški; transliterated: lugal kiški.
- ^ Sumerian: 𒈗𒌦𒈠, romanized: lugal kalam-ma; transliterated: lugal kalam.ma.
- ^ Sumerian: 𒂗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒈗𒌦, romanized: én kién-g̃i(-r) lugal kalam
- ^ Sumerian: 𒉺𒋼𒋛, lit. 'énsí'; transliterated: pa.te.si; ensi₂; lit. 'lord of the plowland'.
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