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Added references 1, 2, 5, 6, 7

"Picky eating" redirects here. For the phase in child development, see Food neophobia.


Selective eating disorder (SED) (also known as perseverative feeding disorder) is an eating disorder that prevents the consumption of certain foods. It is often viewed as a phase of childhood that is generally overcome with age. Children may not grow out of the disorder, however, and may continue to be afflicted with SED throughout their adult lives. [1] Selective eating should not be of a concern as long as there are no negative effects on social, physical and emotional development. [2]


SED Defined

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Selective eating disorder lacks formal diagnostic criteria and classification and is not currently listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The current section "Feeding Disorder of Infancy and Early Childhood" in the DSM-IV requires that the child fails to maintain weight, develops symptoms before age 6 and is not caused by another mental disorder or medical condition. With these criteria, children that selectively choose their foods or experience anxiety when trying new foods but maintain a healthy weight, are excluded from this diagnosis. [3] SED is currently up for consideration to be added to the DSM-V. [1]

Symptoms

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Sufferers of SED have an inability to eat certain foods based on texture or aroma. "Safe" foods may be limited to certain food types and even specific brands. In some cases, afflicted individuals will exclude whole food groups, such as fruits or vegetables. Sometimes excluded foods can be refused based on color. Some may only like very hot or very cold food, or only very crunchy or hard-to-chew food.

Most sufferers of SED will still maintain a healthy or normal body weight. There are no specific outward appearances associated with SED.[4] Children can experience physical gastrointestinal reactions to adverse foods such as retching, vomiting or gagging. Some studies have identified symptoms of social avoidance due to their eating habits. However, most children do not desire to change their eating behaviors. [4]

Causes

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The determination of the cause of SED has been difficult due to the lack of diagnostic criteria and concrete definition. However, many have proposed likely causes for SED.
SED and Austism
 Symptoms of SED are usually found with symptoms of other disorders. Some form of feeding disorder is found in 80% of children that also have a developmental handicap [5]'Children often exhibit symptoms of Obsessive-compulsive disorder and Autism. Although many suffers of SED have symptoms of these disorders, they usually do not qualify for a full diagnosis. Strict behavior patterns and difficulty adjusting to new things are common symptoms in patients that suffer from some degree of autism spectrum disorder. [4] A study done by Schreck at Pennsylvania State University compared the eating habits of children with ASD and typically developing children. After analyzing their eating patterns they suggested that the children with some degree of ASD have a higher degree of selective eating. These children were found to have similar patterns of selective eating and favored more energy dense foods such as nuts and whole grains. Eating a diet of energy dense foods could put these children at a greater risk for health problems such as obesity and other chronic diseases due to the high fat and low fiber content of energy dense foods. Due to the tie to ASD, children are less likely to outgrow their selective eating behaviors and most likely should meet with a clinician to address their eating issues.[6] [7]

SED as an anxiety disorder
Specific food avoidances could be caused by food phobias that cause great anxiety when a person is presented with new or feared foods. Most eating disorders are related to a fear of gaining weight. Those who suffer from SED do not have this fear, but the psychological symptoms and anxiety created is similar. [4]

Treatment

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With time the symptoms of SED can lessen and can eventually disappear without treatment. However, in some cases treatment will be needed as the symptoms persist into adulthood. The most common type of treatment for SED is some form of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Working with a clinician can help to change behaviors more quickly than symptoms may typically disappear without treatment. [4]

Children can benefit from a four stage in-home treatment program based on the principles of Systematic desensitization. The four stages of the treatment are record, reward, relax and review. [4]

  • In the record stage, children are encouraged to keep a log of their typical eating behaviors without attempting to change their habits as well as their cognitive feelings.
  • The reward stage involves systematic desensitization. Children create a list of foods that they might like to try eating some day. These foods may not be drastically different from their normal diet, but perhaps a familiar food prepared in a different way. Because the goal is for the children to try new foods, children are rewarded when they sample new foods.
  • The relaxation stage is most important for those children that suffer severe anxiety when presented with unfavorable foods. Children learn to relax to reduce the anxiety that they feel. Children work through a list of anxiety-producing stimuli and can create a story line with relaxing imagery and scenarios. Oftentimes these stories can also include the introduction of new foods with the help of a real person or fantasy person. Children then listen to this story before eating new foods as a way to imagine themselves participating in an expanded variety of foods while relaxed. [4]
  • The final stage, review, is important to keep track of the child's progress. It is important to include both one-on-one sessions with the child, as well as with the parent in order to get a clear picture of how the child is progressing and if the relaxation techniques are working.

There are picky eating support groups for adults with SED such as PickyEatingAdults.com. [1]}}

References

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  1. ^ a b c Wang, S. (2010, July 5). No Age Limit on Picky Eating. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 2, 2013, from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704699604575343130457388718.html
  2. ^ Bryant-Waugh, R. (2000). Overview of the eating disorders. In B. Lask & R. Bryant-Waugh (eds.). Anorexia nervosa and related eating disorders in childhood and adolescence (pp.27-40). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
  3. ^ Chatoor, I., & Ganiban, J. (2003). Food Refusal by Infants and Young Children: Diagnosis and Treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10, 138-146.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Nicholls, D., Christie, D., Randall, L. and Lask, B.. (2001). "Selective Eating: Symptom, Disorder or Normal Variant." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Vol 6(2): 257-270.
  5. ^ Chatoor,I., Hamburger, E., Fullard, R., & Fivera, Y. (1994). A survey of picky eating and pica behaviors in toddlers. Scientific Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 10', 50.
  6. ^ Schreck KA, Williams K, Smith AF. A comparison of eating behaviors between children with and without Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities. 2004; 34: 433-438.
  7. ^ Evans, E. (2013). Selective Eating and Autism Spectrum Disorder. In Behavioral Health Nutrition. Retrieved April 2, 2013, from http://www.bhndpg.org/students/selective.asp
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