User:Sunae712/Bidirectional Glenn procedure/Bibliography

Bidirectional Glenn procedure

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Bidirectional Glenn procedure
Other names	hemi-Fontan procedure
Specialty	cardiovascular
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Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which often requires the bidirectional Glenn as part of its three part palliation procedure Single ventricle pathology showing common points of disruption of normal cardiac architecture

The bidirectional Glenn shunt or hemi-Fontan procedure is one of several surgical techniques used to temporarily improve cardiac function in patients with severe structural heart disease which feature single ventricular physiology. Patients with certain severe valvular or ventricular anomalies (e.g. hypoplastic left heart syndrome or single ventricle, etc.), have an abnormal cardiopulmonary circuit in which a single ventricle functionally serves as the driver of both systemic and pulmonary circulations. Typically, the bidirectional Glenn shunt is the second in a series of three staged surgeries to reconstruct a single ventricle heart, in situations where corrective bi-ventricular surgery or cardiac transplantation are not feasible.^{[citation needed]}

In children, right ventricular morphology for children with single ventricle problems (e.g. hypoplastic left heart syndrome, double outlet right ventricle, d-transposition of the great arteries, etc.) is associated with poorer ventricular function and even worse regurgitation of the atrioventricular valve. In 499 consecutive studies involving patients with univentricular palliation, d'Udekem et al. showed that children with morphologically right ventricle have a 2.2 fold increased mortality prior to the bidirectional Glenn stage.

The bidirectional Glenn shunt procedure involves rerouting circulation such that the superior vena cava (SVC) is connected end-to-end with the right pulmonary artery, thereby draining into it. This helps to establish a in-series arrangement of both pulmonary and systemic circulations, resulting in deoxygenated blood returning from the head and upper body directly routed to the pulmonary arteries for oxygenation by the lungs. This, to some extent reduces the ventricular workload since the volume load is decreased. Since the blood passing from the SVC into the pulmonary arterial system flows bidirectionally to both right and left lungs, it is called a bi-directional Glenn procedure.

The Glenn procedure was introduced in 1958 by William Glenn and modifications to the procedure were published by Dr. Azzolina in 1973. The original description by Dr. Glenn allowed communication only between the right pulmonary artery and the SVC, whereas the modified technique had the SVC connecting at or before the bifurcation between the right and left pulmonary arteries.^{[citation needed]}

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Bibliography

This is where you will compile the bibliography for your Wikipedia assignment. Add the name and/or notes about what each source covers, then use the "Cite" button to generate the citation for that source.

• Luke, Learie. 2007. Identity and secession in the Caribbean: Tobago versus Trinidad, 1889–1980.
  • This is a book published by a university press, so it should be a reliable source. It also covers the topic in some depth, so it's helpful in establishing notability.
• Galeano, Gloria; Bernal, Rodrigo (2013-11-08). "Sabinaria , a new genus of palms (Cryosophileae, Coryphoideae, Arecaceae) from the Colombia-Panama border". Phytotaxa.
  • This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, so it should be a reliable source. It covers the topic in some depth, so it's helpful in establishing notability.
• Baker, William J.; Dransfield, John (2016). "Beyond Genera Palmarum: progress and prospects in palm systematics". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.
  • This is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, so it should be a reliable source for a specific fact. Since it only dedicates a few sentences to the topic, it can't be used to establish notability.
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