Wikipedia

User:The Vintage Feminist/Brexit101

< User:The Vintage Feminist

Wikipedia essays
Searching
For Wikipedia policy regarding essays see, see WP:Policies and guidelines#Essays.

Disclaimer: I am a remainer.

This essay is designed as a Brexit-specific extension to the essay NPOV means neutral editors, not neutral content, in particular the section editorial vs. content neutrality. Even though I have called this an essay it is really a set of pointers and reference tables for editors to dip into.

The Brexit task force can be found here: WP:BREXITTF.

Colour key and abbreviations

edit
Editors may find it useful to have this section in a separate tab to refer to.

Colour key:

See also: Brexit § Terminology
  • Remain / pro-EU[note 1]
  • Leave / pro-Brexit
  • Leave / pro-Brexit - hard Brexit
  • Other (e.g. free vote)
  • Pontential new centrist political party

Abbreviations:

Abbreviation Party
EU European Union
UK United Kingdom
Commons UK's House of Commons
Con Conservative Party
Lab Labour Party
SNP Scottish National Party
LD Liberal Democrats
DUP Democratic Unionist Party
PC Plaid Cymru
Ind Independent
Grn Green Party
SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party
UUP Ulster Unionist Party
UKIP UK Independence Party
SF Sinn Féin
Sp Speaker

Key dates

edit
Past
Past[1]
Date Event
23 January 2013 Prime Minister David Cameron says he is in favour of an in/out referendum on the UK's membership of the EU.[2]
22 May 2014 The UK Independence Party (UKIP) led by Nigel Farage wins 26% of the vote in European elections and becomes the UK's biggest representation in the European Parliament. The party, whose one key policy is to leave the EU, also make large gains in local elections.[3]
7 May 2015 In the general election, Cameron wins a 12-seat majority[4] with a manifesto that includes the commitment to hold an in/out referendum.[5]
23 June 2016 The referendum sees Leave campaigners win a narrow victory with 51.9% against and 48.1% for Remain. Cameron resigns immediately as prime minister.[6]
13 July 2016 Theresa May becomes prime minister.[7]
24 January 2017 In the case of R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, the Supreme Court upholds a High Court ruling by a majority of 8–3.[8] The judgment, in favour of Remain campaigner and business owner Gina Miller, challenges the authority of the British Government to invoke Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (the regulatory process by which the UK leaves the EU) using prerogative powers, successfully arguing that only Parliament can take away rights that Parliament has granted.[9]
1 February 2017 European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Bill 2017 is passed in parliament enabling May to trigger Article 50, 47 Labour MPs rebel against their leader Jeremy Corbyn and vote against the bill.[10][11]
29 March 2017 May triggers Article 50 which starts the clock on the two-year process of the UK leaving the EU (scheduled date of leaving is therefore 29 March 2019).[12]
8 June 2017 Having surprised many by calling a general election, May loses her majority in Parliament. Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) - led by Arlene Foster - makes a deal with the Conservatives and its votes allow May to stay in power.[13]
26 June 2017 Formal Brexit negotiations on withdrawal begin between the UK and the EU.[1]
13 December 2017 Rebel Tory MPs side with the Opposition, forcing the government to guarantee a [meaningful] vote in the Commons on the final Brexit deal, when it has been struck with Brussels.[14]
15 December 2017 The EU agrees to move on to the second phase of negotiations after an agreement is reached on the Brexit "divorce bill", Irish border and EU citizens’ rights.[15]
12 July 2018 Government releases its white paper, The future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union (known informally as the "Chequers plan").[16][17]
20 September 2018 Salzburg informal EU summit, May is humiliated as EU leaders say the Chequers plan will not work.[18][19] The next day May makes a speech describing Brexit talks with the EU as "at an impasse".[20][21]
23-26 September 2018 Labour Party Conference. Conference votes in favour of a two-page motion stating that "If we cannot get a general election Labour must support all options remaining on the table, including campaigning for a public vote". However, there is disagreement within the party over what "a public vote" means with John McDonnell, Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer saying that Labour "respected" the June 2016 referendum result, and so any second referendum would not be another vote on whether the UK should leave the EU or not, but on the terms of any deal negotiated by the Government,[22] whereas in his conference speech Keir Starmer, Shadow Brexit Secretary announced that, in the event of a second referendum, "nobody [in Labour] is ruling out remain as an option".[23][24]
30 September
- 3 October 2018 		Conservative Party Conference.[25] Johnson delivers alternative leader's speech.[26][27] May delivers keynote speech.[28][29]
10 October 2018 European Chief Negotiator for Brexit, Michel Barnier publishes joint political declaration on the future relationship between the UK and the EU.[30] Postponed.[31]
17-18 October 2018 EU summit. Theresa May suggests that she might be prepared to extend the transition period.[32][33]
9 November 2018 Jo Johnson (brother of Boris) quits as minister over Theresa May's Brexit plan and calls for a new referendum.[34][35]
22 November 2018 Joint political declaration on the future relationship between the UK and the EU published.[36][37] Postponed from 10 October 2018.
25 November 2018 EU summit agrees to Theresa May's Brexit plan, she now has to sell the deal to the UK parliament.[38][39]
27 November 2018 Donald Trump warns Brexit agreement could threaten future US-UK trade deal.[40]
Forthcoming
Forthcoming
Date Event
9 December 2018 Proposed TV debate between Theresa May and Jeremy Corbyn, disagreement still exists on whether it will be on BBC One or ITV.[41]
11 December 2018 Meaningful vote: Parliament votes on whether to accept Theresa May's Brexit plan.[42]
21-22 March 2019 The final summit that the UK is expected to attend as a member of the EU.[43]
29 March 2019,
at 2300 GMT 		The date the UK is scheduled to leave the EU.[12]
March-April 2019 A special summit of the 27 other EU countries soon after the UK's exit is expected, but has not yet been scheduled.[44]
23-26 May 2019 Elections for the European Parliament in 27 EU countries (the UK is scheduled to no longer be represented in the parliament).[44]
31 December 2020 If all goes to plan, this will be the last date of the transition period.[44]

Preface

edit
Traditional left / right politics
Left-wing Centre Right-wing

Brexit politics ignores party politics with individuals sitting somewhere along the pro-Remain / Hard Brexit spectrum.

Brexit politics
Possible new pro-Remain party Remain Leave Hard Brexit
The day after the referendum 24 June 2016 onwards: Article 50
Mechanism Political position
 
Invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) "triggering" the UK's exit from the EU 		Soft Brexiteer - Want the trigger to be pulled and Britain to negotiate a deal with the EU on the relationship that the UK will have after the UK leaves the EU
  • including the UK paying compensation to the EU for leaving
Hard Brexiteer - Want the trigger to be pulled and Britain to negotiate a deal with the EU on the relationship that the UK will have after the UK leaves the EU
  • not including the UK paying compensation to the EU for leaving
  • if negotiations break down then just leave - "no deal"
Pro-Remainer - Want to respect the referendum result but believe it is undemocratic to pull the trigger without an Act of Parliament
Outcomes
On 24 January 2017 the Supreme Court ruled in R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union case that the process could not be initiated without an authorising act of Parliament.

The European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 became law on 16 March 2017.

The act includes the meaningful vote clause - "Parliamentary approval of the outcome of negotiations with the EU".

Invocation of Article 50 occurred on 29 March 2017, when Sir Tim Barrow, the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the European Union, formally delivered by hand a letter signed by Theresa May to Donald Tusk, the President of the European Council in Brussels. This means that the UK is scheduled to cease being a member of the EU on 30 March 2019.
Party positions

For the smaller parties such as the SNP, LD and PC being a member of the EU is embedded into the party's ideals, just as being anti-EU is embedded into UKIP.

For the largest two parties in the Commons, Con and Lab, there are a range of views when it comes to how Brexit should be realized. Party politics tends to run along traditional left / right lines, Con to the right and Lab to the left, with individuals sitting somewhere along the left / right spectrum. Lab are currently facing internal divisions between the left and the centre-left.

For both Con and Lab there is a tension between traditional left / right politics and Brexit politics, this results in MPs not voting with their parties.[45] The mathematics of the Commons is also delicately poised, so this essay seeks to provide a rough guide to those mathematics, key events and possible outcomes.

European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
Not to be confused with European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017.

The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 is the Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that provides for repealing the European Communities Act 1972, and for Parliamentary approval of the withdrawal agreement being negotiated between HM Government and the European Union.[46] There are concerns that the act will allow thousands of pieces of legislation to be transferred from EU law to UK law without discussion (informally known as Henry VIII clauses).[47][48]

A word about the whips
See also: UK whips and Chief Whip

MPs are expected to attend the Commons and vote as the party leadership desires. The Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip, other Whips, and Assistant Whips are there as enforcers of the whip. Going against the whip is a disciplinary matter but if MPs feel strongly that the leadership is wrong they may rebel, sometimes in large numbers. If an MP is suspended (e.g. if they are charged with a criminal offence) then the whip is withdrawn. If an MP withdraws themselves from the whip then they have 14 days in which to agree to the whip being restored or face expulsion from the party, they would then sit as an independent. They may then face pressure to resign and run as an Independent candidate in a by-election running against a candidate from their former party.

The whips may discipline MPs but if MPs feel their concerns are not being addressed they may turn on the leader as happened to the Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher following Geoffrey Howe's resignation 13 November 1990 which precipitated Thatcher's resignation.

There is no such thing as primaries in UK politics

There is no such thing as primaries in UK politics, the 3 requirements to be Prime Minister are:

  1. win a constituency seat (in Theresa May's case Maidenhead)
  2. be leader of the party (in May's case the Conservatives)
  3. that party must have a more seats than the nearest rival party (at the 2017 general election the Conservatives secured 317 seats, their nearest rivals Labour secured 262 seats).

If the 1922 Committee receives letters from 15% of Con MPs (48 letters, 15% of 317 Con MPs) backing a vote of no confidence motion it can precipitate a leadership contest at any time that parliament is sitting.[49]

Party Number
of MPs[50]		 Pre-referendum official
party position		 Post-referendum official
party position		 Notes
Con 316 [51] Neutral (free vote)[52] Pro-Brexit[53][54] Post-referendum Brexit supporters complain that the government's white paper means swathes of the British economy would still be subject to rules set in Brussels.

Pro-EU politicians complain that it would still leave Britain facing complicated customs procedures, and outside the free market for services that make up most the British economy.[54] (Services account for almost four-fifths of the UK's gross domestic product.)[55][56]

Lab 257 Pro-Remain[57] Keeping options open[58] In January 2017 in a key Commons vote 47 MPs rebelled against Labour Leader, Jeremy Corbyn's instructions to honour the result of the referendum and vote in favour of invoking Article 50.[10]

In July 2017 Corbyn stated that Labour would seek a trade deal that mirrored the free trade benefits of the single market, and added that the party had not decided on whether Labour's policy should be to remain in the customs union.[59]

In January 2018 Corbyn clarified that Labour would not seek to keep the UK in the single market after Brexit.[60]

On 5 June 2018 Corbyn called for a "new single market" deal for the UK after Brexit maintaining "full access" to the EU internal market, as opposed to the "Norway model" which pro-Remainers in the party wish to see.[61] Later the same month, in a key Commons vote on the government's propsals:

  • 169 MPs observed Corbyn's calls to abstain but 89 MPs rebelled,
  • 75 taking a pro-Remain stance and voting no and,
  • 15 taking a pro-Leave stance and voting with the government
a 3-way split within Labour.[62][63]

Corbyn also wants a general election[64]

SNP 35 Pro-Remain[65] Pro-Remain[66] Scotland only

The Scottish independence referendum, 2014 resulted in Scotland remaining within UK which means it has to comply with the UK's EU referendum vote even though Scottish voted overwhelmingly to Remain, the SNP is committed to fighting Brexit[67]

LD 12 Pro-Remain Pro-Remain Committed to fighting Brexit.[68]
DUP 10 [51] Pro-Brexit[69] Pro-Brexit[69] Opposed to a hard Irish border[70] Northern Ireland only
Ind 7
  • Elphicke, Pro-Brexit[52]
  • Field, Pro-Brexit[73]
  • Hermon, Pro-Remain[52]
  • Hopkins, Pro-Brexit[52]
  • Lewis, Pro-Remain[52]
  • O'Mara, Pro-Remain[74]
  • Woodcock, Pro-Remain[52]
PC 4 Pro-Remain[81] Pro-Remain[81] Pro-Remain[81] Wales only
Grn 1 Pro-Remain[82][83] Pro-Remain[82][83] Want to see a reformed EU,[82][83] Caroline Lucas is their only MP
SF 7 Pro-Remain[84] Pro-Remain[84] Northern Ireland only - Sinn Féin MPs do not recognize the authority of the UK Parliament and consequently these 7 MPs do not take their seats or vote in the House of Commons, there are calls for them to end their abstentionism,[85] but so far they have indicated that they will not do so[86]
Sp 1 N/A Does not vote Does not vote

Majority needed in the Commons to form a government is 320.[note 2] Con (316 seats) and the DUP (10 seats) have a "confidence and supply" arrangement making a combined number of seats of 326.[51]

What this essay does not seek to do

edit

This essay is not a description of either the process of Brexit, the Brexit negotiations or the Irish border question.

Political parties

edit

Conservatives

edit
Brexit positions within the Conservative Party

During the referendum May campaigned for Remain however Some in David Cameron's ministry likened May to a "submarine" on the issue of Brexit due to her perceived indifference towards the referendum and the EU.[87]

Declared supporters at the second ballot of the
Conservative leadership election [which elected May], 2016[88]
Candidate EU referendum position Office
Remain Leave Undisclosed Minister PPS Backbench
Theresa May 150 41 2 67 28 98
Andrea Leadsom 4 51 0 5 5 45
Michael Gove 10 18 0 11 2 15
Did not declare 23 30 1 9 6 39
'Did not declare' includes MPs who had endorsed Liam Fox or Stephen Crabb ahead of the first ballot but did not then endorse one of the remaining candidates
Conservatives: May's switch to a pro-Brexit position, "Brexit means Brexit"

Following the referendum and her election as party leader, May signalled that she would support full withdrawal from the EU and prioritise immigration controls over remaining within the single market, leading some to contrast this with her earlier remarks on the earlier economic arguments.[89] Lord Heseltine (Con) queried the way that as home secretary May campaigned to remain in the EU though "within a few weeks" of becoming PM, she insisted "Brexit means Brexit".[90] Heseltine mentioned a speech by May before the EU referendum, where she urged Britain to "stand tall and lead in Europe". Heseltine said: "I don't know how someone who made that speech can, within a few weeks, say Brexit is Brexit and ask the nation to unite behind it...[unlike Margaret Thatcher] this lady was for turning."[90] May later went on to say that she would be willing to leave the EU without a deal, saying that "no deal is better than a bad deal. We have to be prepared to walk out".[91]

Conservatives: Lancaster House speech

On 17 January 2017 May announced a series of 12 negotiating objectives for Brexit in a speech at Lancaster House. These consist of an end to European Court of Justice jurisdiction, withdrawal from the single market with a "comprehensive free-trade agreement" replacing this, a new customs agreement excluding the common external tariff and the EU's common commercial policy, an end to free movement of people, co-operation in crime and terrorism, collaboration in areas of science and technology, engagement with devolved administrations, maintaining the Common Travel Area with Ireland, and preserving existing workers' rights.[92][93] May has subsequently been urged by hard Brexiteers to stick to the objectives she laid out in this speech.[94]

Conservatives: Post-2017 general election

Opinion polls showed the Conservatives a long way ahead so May[note 3] called a general election for 8 June 2017 with the intention of increasing her majority in the Commons for her Brexit negotiations.[95][96][97] Instead the party's working majority of 17 was reduced by 13 seats and the Conservatives had to enter into a confidence and supply deal with the DUP who have 10 seats.[13] This has caused speculation about how long May can last as prime minister.[98][99]

Conservatives: Meaningful vote
Main article: Meaningful vote

May also confirmed at Lancaster House, "that the Government will put the final deal that is agreed between the UK and the EU to a [meaningful] vote in both Houses of Parliament, before it comes into force."[92][93] As a result, on 13 July 2017, David Davis, the Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, introduced the bill in the Commons, including the clause 9 statement:

9  Implementing the withdrawal agreement
(1)  A Minister of the Crown may by regulations make such provision as the Minister considers appropriate for the purposes of implementing the withdrawal agreement if the Minister considers that such provision should be in force on or before exit day.[100]

In December 2017 pressure grew on the government to amend clause 9 so that parliament would have approval of the final terms of the withdrawal deal between the UK and the EU prior to 29 March 2019, the date set for the UK's departure from the EU. Dominic Grieve MP (Con) advised the government to amend the clause themselves or he would table his own amendment to the bill.[101] After much internal debate the bill returned to the Commons on 20 June 2018. Further concessions offered by the government meant that the government won by 319 votes to 303 - a majority of 16.[102] Grieve saying, "We’ve managed to reach a compromise without breaking the government – and I think some people don’t realise we were getting quite close to that. I completely respect the view of my colleagues who disagree, but if we can compromise we can achieve more."[103]

Conservatives: Letter from hard Brexiteers to the Prime Minister

A letter from the European Research Group to the Prime Minister was sent on 16 February 2018 urging her to stick to the principles outlined in her Lancaster House speech.[104]

Signatories
Conservatives: The Chequers plan

The government's white paper, The future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union (known informally as the "Chequers plan"), was published on 12 July 2018. It lays out the sort of relationship the UK wants with the EU after Brexit. The plan is split into four main areas:[16][17]

  • Economic partnership
The establishment of a free trade area to replace Customs Union and solve the Irish border question.[105][106]
  • Security
  • Cooperation
  • Institutional arrangements

The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (Brexit Secretary), David Davis resigned over the paper,[107] as did his Parliamentary Under-Secretary, Steve Baker and the Foreign Secretary, Boris Johnson.[108] Dominic Raab replaced Davis as Brexit Secretary.[109] The resignations renewed speculation about a possible vote of no confidence precipitating a leadership contest. The 1922 Committee would need to receive letters from 48 Conservative MPs (15% of Conservative MPs) backing the confidence motion.[49]

On 11 September 2018 it was announced that Mark Carney would be kept on as Governor of the Bank of England until the end of January 2020.[110] Two months later he forecast that "unemployment would rise to 7.5%, house prices fall by 30% and commercial property prices collapse by 48%" in the event of a 'no deal' Brexit. [111] Rees-Mogg subsequently referred to Carney as "a second-tier Canadian politician. Having failed in Canadian politics, he’s got a job in the U.K., which he isn’t doing well."[112]

Conservatives: Alternative to the Chequers plan

On the 11 September 2018 Rees-Mogg backed a document by Economists for Free Trade, A World Trade Deal: The Complete Guide which describes a plan for a "clean break" from the EU, with the UK defaulting to World Trade Organization (WTO) rules when it leaves the EU as an alternative to the Chequers plan.[113][114] The next day members of the European Research Group led by Jacob Rees-Mogg published The Border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland post-Brexit again as an alternative to the Chequers plan with no new physical infrastructure at the border.[115] The DUP, who May relies on in the Commons, backed the alternative plan.[116] Johnson has also said, "I see that in Brussels they’re now discussing actively some of the technical ways of dealing with this that I think will allow for a breakthrough, allow us to do a proper free trade deal, allow us properly to take back control of our regulatory framework, but also to do a proper Brexit. Unless we do that... much of the point of Brexit is nullified."[117]

External videos
Boris Johnson discussing the IEA A+ plan
  Johnson describing the plan as a "very exciting way forward" via Daily Mail on YouTube[118]

On 25 September 2018 the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) backed by Rees-Mogg and Davis published Plan A+: Creating a Prosperous Post-Brexit UK[119] which suggests a Canada-style free trade agreement with the EU.[120] The plans include rolling back key parts of the EU's revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II)[121] a 'SuperCanada' Brexit deal is also supported by Johnson.[118][122]

Johnson also writes a weekly column for The Telegraph which is openly critical of May and the Chequers plan.

Brexit goals within the Conservative Party
Political position Proponents In favour of Notes
Pro-Leave Theresa May
Dominic Raab 		Chequers plan If the Commons and/or the EU reject the Chequers plan then - to avoid a leadership election or a general election - May could call a second referendum (the question being should the UK accept "no deal" or remain in the EU)
Hard Brexit Boris Johnson



Jacob Rees-Mogg
David Davis
Steve Baker 		Johnson and others want the government to abandon the Chequers plan which they regard as 'not really leaving' but they have not put forward their alternative to it, some would prefer a "no deal" scenario

Rees-Mogg and others also want the government to abandon the Chequers plan but want the government to adopt their alternative plans

The DUP, who have 10 MPs, back Rees-Mogg's plans

Could put forward a vote of no confidence in Theresa May precipitating a leadership election

No obvious frontrunner in a leadership contest that would unite the hard Brexiteers let alone the entire party

Pro-Remain Dominic Grieve
Anna Soubry
Justine Greening 		A second referendum Could join with Labour remainers to defeat the government rather than see a "no deal" which would precipitate a leadership election (risking a hard Brexiteer as prime minister) or a general election (risking Labour's Corbyn as prime minister)

Labour

edit
Brexit positions within the Labour Party
Labour: Momentum
Main article: Momentum

Jeremy Corbyn is considered of weak leader in terms of the number of MPs who support him but strong in terms of the party membership (see Momentum).

On 25 June 2016, The Observer revealed that Hilary Benn MP "called fellow MPs over the weekend to suggest that he will ask Corbyn to stand down if there is significant support for a move against the leader. He has also asked shadow cabinet colleagues to join him in resigning if the Labour leader ignores that request."[123] During a phone call in the early hours of 26 June, Benn told Corbyn that Labour MPs and shadow cabinet members had "no confidence in our ability to win the election" under his leadership. Corbyn then dismissed Benn from his position as Shadow Foreign Secretary. In a statement issued at 03:30, Benn said: "It has now become clear that there is widespread concern among Labour MPs and in the shadow cabinet about Jeremy Corbyn's leadership of our party. In particular, there is no confidence in our ability to win the next election, which may come much sooner than expected, if Jeremy continues as leader."[124] It precipitated the resignations of 20 members of the Shadow Cabinet over 26 and 27 June.[125][126]

On 28 June Corbyn lost a vote of confidence by Labour Party MPs by 172 to 40.[127] This in turn prompted a Labour Party leadership election in which only 18 out of the current 316 MPs endorsed him (see Appendix 1).

Labour: Party splits over Brexit pre-general election
Main article: UK's invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on EU by the UK Parliament

The European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 was passed in parliament enabling May to trigger Article 50, 47 Labour MPs rebelled against Corbyn and voted against the bill.[10][11] Two Labour whips said they would vote against the bill and two shadow cabinet ministers, Tulip Siddiq and Jo Stevens, resigned in protest.[128][129]

Labour's rebellion over triggering Article 50[10][11]

Noes (47)

Ayes (167)

Labour: General election 2017

Opinion polls showed the Conservatives a long way ahead so May called a general election for 8 June 2017 with the intention of increasing her majority in the Commons for her Brexit negotiations.[95][96][97] Instead the Conservatives' working majority of 17 was reduced by 13 seats. This was the closest result between the two major parties since February 1974,[13] and further cemented Corbyn as the party's leader.[130][131] Labour Party membership increased by 35,000 within four days of the general election.[132]

Labour: Alternative to the Chequers plan

In March 2017 Shadow Brexit Secretary, Kier Starmer announced the six tests any Brexit deal negotiated by the government must meet if it is going to be supported by Labour.[133][134]

Labour's six tests for any Brexit deal negotiated by the government

On 5 June 2018 Corbyn called for a "new single market" deal for the UK after Brexit maintaining "full access" to the EU internal market, as opposed to the "Norway model" which pro-Remainers in the party wish to see.[61] Later the same month, in a key Commons vote on the government's propsals 169 Lab MPs observed Corbyn's calls to abstain but 89 MPs rebelled: 75 taking a pro-Remain stance and voting no and 15 taking a pro-Leave stance and voting with the government.[62][63] As a result, Corbyn sacked three shadow cabinet ministers and a fourth resigned.[135]

Labour's 3 way split[62][63]

Ayes (15)

Noes (75)

Abstentions (168)

On 14 September 2018 Emily Thornberry announced that Labour would vote against the government's Chequers plan.[136]

Labour: Party splits over antisemitism
External videos
Sophy Ridge on Sunday
  Chuka Umunna telling Sky News he believes the Labour Party is institutionally racist because of its handling of antisemitism. via Sky News on YouTube[137]
Main article: Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party

The party has also been embroiled in allegations of antisemitism. On 30 August 2018, Frank Field resigned the Labour whip over "excuses for the party's toleration of antisemitism".[138][139] On 16 September 2018 an antisemitism rally was held in Manchester which was critical of Labour. Speakers included Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis and Margaret Hodge Lab MP.[140]

Labour: Party splits over Momentum

The scheme which allows people to become members for £3 (see Appendix 1), has been blamed for a branches becoming 'swamped' by new members who seed to deselect long-standing Labour MPs and councillors and replace them with Momentum members. MPs Chris Leslie, Joan Ryan and Gavin Shuker faced "no confidence" votes in their local branches.[141] It prompted Chuka Umunna to write a letter to party branches in which he said, "It seems there are two issues which are fuelling this speculation of a split in the Labour Party – Brexit and antisemitism in the Labour Party."[142] and in a speech accusing Corbyn of driving centre-left MPs like himself out of the party he told Corbyn to "call off the dogs".[143] Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell branded the comments "grossly offensive", saying "our party members are not dogs".[141]

Labour: Party splits over a second referendum
External videos
Labour Party Conference,
25 September 2018
  Keir Starmer, Shadow Brexit Secretary announcing to conference that "nobody [in Labour] is ruling out remain as an option" in the event of a second referendum via Guardian News on YouTube[24]

The day before Labour's September 2018 conference the party released a document stating that May's Chequers plan had failed their six conditional tests for the party's support.[144][145]

The conference voted in favour of a two-page motion stating that "If we cannot get a general election Labour must support all options remaining on the table, including campaigning for a public vote". However, there was disagreement within the party over what "a public vote" means McDonnell saying that Labour "respected" the June 2016 referendum result, and so any second referendum would not be another vote on whether the UK should leave the EU or not, but on the terms of any deal negotiated by the Government, whereas Ben Bradshaw MP stated "of course the option of staying in [the EU] would have to be on the ballot paper".[22][146] In his conference speech Keir Starmer, Shadow Brexit Secretary announced that, in the event of a second referendum, "nobody [in Labour] is ruling out remain as an option".[24]

Brexit goals within the Labour Party
Political position Proponents In favour of Notes
Options open Jeremy Corbyn
John McDonnell
Emily Thornberry
Rebecca Long-Bailey 		A general election
as a 'referendum' on their Labour plan vs Conservatives Chequers plan

Keeping their 'options open' on a second referendum 		Intend to reject the Chequers plan when it returns to the Commons

Facing pressure from some within pro-Corbyn group Momentum and the unions to back a second referendum (Party conference 23-26 September 2018)
Pro-Remain Chuka Umunna
Margaret Hodge
Owen Smith
Maria Eagle

Tony Blair

Keir Starmer 		A second referendum Are opposed to Corbyn but with Corbyn enjoying huge support from grassroots membership and having done far better in the general election than anyone predicted he would win any leadership challenge. Corbyn critics Joan Ryan, Chris Leslie and Gavin Shuker all face deselection as MPs due to pro-Corbyn members joining their local branches

Blair says, "There [are] lots of people associated with me who feel that the Labour Party is lost, that the game's over, I am hoping they are not right."

In the event of a second referendum Starmer says, "nobody [in Labour] is ruling out remain as an option".
Pro-Leave Kate Hoey
John Mann
Graham Stringer 		Unclear Momentum leader, Laura Parker, has called for the deselection of Hoey, Mann and Stringer

Sinn Féin

edit
See also: Abstentionism § Sinn Féin

Sinn Féin MPs does not recognize the authority of the UK Parliament and consequently its 7 MPs (Mickey Brady, Michelle Gildernew, Chris Hazzard, Paul Maskey, Elisha McCallion, Barry McElduff and Francie Molloy) abstain from taking their seats and voting in the Commons. However, there have been calls for them to end their abstentionism to prevent a hard-border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.[85] The calls were strong enough for Maskey to write an article for The Guardian explaining why he would not go to Westminster.[86]

Potential new party

edit

Centrist, pro-European party

edit

Since the referendum rumours of a new centrist party opposed to Brexit being formed have circulated around Westminster.[148][149][150] In September 2018 the Business Insider reported that "Moderate Conservative and Labour MPs have been in talks about splitting from their party whips "in the next six months" and forming a new centrist bloc in Parliament centred around the Liberal Democrats."[151]

In a podcast on 7 September 2018 Tony Blair (Labour Prime Minister 1997–2007) said "I don’t think the British people will tolerate a situation where, for example, the choice at the next election is Boris Johnson versus Jeremy Corbyn, I just don’t believe people will find that, in the country as a whole, an acceptable choice. I don't know what will happen and I don't know how it will happen. But I just don't believe people will find that, in the country as a whole, an acceptable choice. Something will fill that vacuum."[152][153]

Con MP Anna Soubry suggested that the country needs a "national unity government", fellow Tory Nicholas Soames MP agrees, "I must say if I had my way we would have a national government to deal with this. It is the most serious problem this country has faced since the war."[154]

Some of potential new parties mentioned by the media include:

Labour split / "Back Together" / "Start Again" / "Regain" / "The Democrats"

In June 2018 George Eaton of the New Statesman reported that People's Vote campaigner, Labour's Chuka Umunna "is said to have suggested the creation of a new party named "Back Together."" Eaton reports that "one of those present told me. "He [Umunna] said that Chris Leslie [another Labour MP] was writing him some strategy memos, that they have the working title of a new party – Back Together – and that Brexit is a moment when traditional politics gets blown up, a bit like [with] the Social Democratic Party (SDP)."[155][156] Businessman Julian Dunkerton donated £1m to the People's Vote.[157][158] Other possible names for the new party included "Start Again", "Regain" and "The Democrats".[159] Umunna dismissed the story in a letter to branch members describing it as "ludicrous nonsense".[143]

Former LD leader Tim Farron said, "let some of these people in the Labour Party and the Tory party grow a flipping backbone and leave. And we should work with them. Let them form their own party, we will work with them, and we’ll try and do it together."[160] whilst the current leader Vince Cable said, "he has held informal talks with six Tory MPs and 12 Labour MPs about creating a new centre-left party[161] with rumoured names including Umunna, Leslie and Con Soubry.[151][162]

Corbyn supporters were sufficiently concerned that they responded publically. Writing in the left-wing publication Morning Star, Richard Burgon MP, stated that, "A new party would be a desperate attempt to stop a radical Labour government. That would be its sole aim."[163] The pro-Corbyn journalist Owen Jones wrote, "If not [a new party], a parliamentary faction claiming "Country before party" could emerge between certain Labour and Tory MPs, in a pact with the Lib Dems." Simultaneously "it may well be the last great hope of the Tory right – and the biggest single threat to a socialist government assuming office."[164] Discussing Labour's loss to the Conservatives in his own Hayes and Harlington constituency in 1983, John McDonnell MP warned would-be splitters that they risked a Tory victory if they left the party for a new entity.[165]

In the summer of 2017 the journalist James Chapman began tweeting his proposals for a new party, 'The Democrats'.[166][167][168]

United for Change

Pro-EU United for Change was founded in August 2018 but reportedly been in the process of development for at least a year.[169][170] The movement gained notice from its fundraising through large donations from philanthropists and donors.[171][172]

In late August, co-founder of the movement Adam Knight left to set up his own political organisation.[173][174] He later voiced his support for the Liberal Democrats.[175]

Renew

Renew was created for the 2017 general election after securing funding from individuals, including property developer Richard Breen.[176][177] It officially launched in February 2018.[149][178] At the 1 May 2018 the party had two Borough Councillors, James Cousins at Wandsworth London Borough Council, who defected to the party in March 2018,[179] and John Ferrett at Portsmouth City Council[180] and one Parish Councillor, Judi Sutherland at Barnard Castle Town Council, all three were defections.[180][181] However Cousins lost his seat in the 2018 local elections[182] and Ferrett now sits as a Non Aligned Independent Councillor.[183]

The Radicals

On the evening of 17 October 2017 The Economist's journalist Jeremy Cliffe asked on Twitter if anyone wanted to join a new pro-EU political movement he called 'The Radicals'.[184] His manifesto included reversing Brexit, abolishing VAT and the House of Lords, and moving the capital from London to Manchester. At lunchtime the following day (15 hours after his initial post) Cliffe posted that he was resigning from leadership of The Radicals and acknowledged that "taking this forward would not be compatible with my job as Berlin Bureau Chief for The Economist".[185]

Pro-Brexit party

edit

On 23 September 2018 former Conservative donor Jeremy Hosking[186] was reported by The Sunday Telegraph as funding a new breakaway Brexit party.[187]

Commons composition (part 2)

edit

Possible EU positions in the event of the creation of a new pro-EU centrist party

edit
Summary of number of the 650 seats
Hard Brexit (62) Leave (253) 'Options open' (178) Remain (78) Possible new pro-Remain party (75) Other (4)
Seats by party
Possible EU positions in the event of the creation of a new pro-EU centrist party
   Party Seats 314 MPs Pro-Brexit, 154 MPs Pro-Remain and 178 Labour's 'Options open' position (50 seats per row)[note 4]
  New Centrist Pro-Remain 0 to 50                                                                                                    
  New Centrist Pro-Remain 51 to 75                                                                                                    
  Con Pro-Brexit 0 to 50                                                                                                    
  Con Pro-Brexit 51 to 100                                                                                                    
  Con Pro-Brexit 101 to 150                                                                                                    
  Con Pro-Brexit 151 to 200                                                                                                    
  Con Pro-Brexit 201 to 237                                                                                                    
  Con Pro-Hard Brexit 0 to 50                                                                                                    
  Con Pro-Hard Brexit 51 to 62                                                                                                    
  Con Pro-Remain 0 to 15                                                                                                    
  Lab 'Options open' 0 to 50                                                                                                    
  Lab 'Options open' 51 to 100                                                                                                    
  Lab 'Options open' 101 to 150                                                                                                    
  Lab 'Options open' 151 to 178                                                                                                    
  Lab Pro-Brexit 0 to 3                                                                                                    
  SNP Pro-Remain 0 to 35                                                                                                    
  LD Pro-Remain 12                                                                                                    
  DUP Pro-Brexit 10                                                                                                    
  Ind Pro-Remain[188] 5                                                                                                    
  Ind Pro-Brexit[189] 2                                                                                                    
  PC Pro-Remain 4                                                                                                    
  Grn Pro-Remain 1                                                                                                    
  SF Pro-Remain 7                                                                                                    

The two groups which favour Brexit give a combined total of 315 MPs (253 + 62).
The two groups which favour Remain give a combined total of 153 MPs (78 + 75).

If Labour's 'options open' position is added to the two groups which favour Brexit it gives a combined total of 493 (315 + 178) MPs, with the two groups which favour Remain having 153.

Summary of number of the 650 seats with potential Leave vote combined (including Lab's 178 'options open' MPs)
Potential Leave vote 493
(including Lab's 178 'options open' MPs)		 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<178 Remain (153) Other (4)

If Labour's 'options open' position is added to the two groups which favour Remain it gives a combined total of 331 (153 + 178) MPs, with the two groups which favour Brexit having 315.

Summary of number of the 650 seats with potential Remain vote combined (including Lab's 178 'options open' MPs)
Leave vote (315) 178>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Potential Remain vote 331
(including Lab's 178 'options open' MPs)		 Other (4)

There is also the possibility of other voting combinations e.g. Labour's 178 'options open' position combining with the smaller party's 78 pro-Remainers, the 75 new centrist party, and the government's 62 hard Brexiteers (178 + 78 + 75 + government's 62, a total of 393) versus the government's 253 Leave voters. This could happen if Labour, the smaller parties, and the new centrist party think the government's position is going too far whilst the hard Brexiteers think the government's position does not go far enough.

Possible other voting combination: potential opposition to the Government's 'Leave plan'
Government's 'Leave plan' vote (253) Potential opposition to
Government's 'Leave plan' vote 393 (178+78+75+62)
178>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>		 Remain (78) Possible new pro-Remain party (75) Hard Brexit (62) Other (4)

WP:CRYSTAL

edit

In July 2018 the BBC printed the following four Brexit outcomes:[190]

  • Leave with a deal
  • Leave without a deal
  • Stay in the EU
  • Hold another referendum

An updated version was published by Bloomberg News in November 2018.[191]

  • Parliament vote
    • Deal
      • Orderly Brexit
    • No deal
      • Chaotic exit
      • General election
      • Second referendum

Leave with a deal

edit

Based on:

  1. the Chequers plan being agreed by the EU
  2. then the Chequers plan being put to the Commons with:
  • No rebellion by Con MPs
  • All 62 hard Brexiteers voting in favour of the Chequers plan
  • All 15 pro-Remain MPs voting in favour of the Chequers plan
  • 253 Lab voting against the Chequers plan[192]
  • 3 Lab hard Brexiteers voting in favour of the Chequers plan
  • 11 LD voting against the Chequers plan[193]
  • 1 LD (Stephen Lloyd MP) voting in favour of the Chequers plan[193]
  • 10 DUP voting against the Chequers plan[116]
  • 1 Ind (Frank Field MP) voting in favour of the Chequers plan
  • Continued non-attendance of SF
  • Other - 1 Speaker and 3 Deputy Speakers (non-voting)
Summary of number of the 650 seats with potential non-Leave vote combined
Voting for the deal (320) Voting against the deal (319) Other (4)

Leave without a deal

edit

Based on:

External videos
Sophy Ridge on Sunday
  Dominic Grieve telling Sky News he believes no-deal with the EU "would be catastrophic". via Sky News on YouTube[194]
  1. there being no-deal with the EU
  2. then no-deal with the EU being put to the Commons and:
  • Rebellion by Pro-Remain Con MPs
  • All 62 hard Brexiteers voting in favour of no-deal
  • All 15 pro-Remain MPs voting against no-deal
  • 253 Lab voting against no-deal[192]
  • 3 Lab hard Brexiteers voting in favour of no-deal
  • 10 DUP voting in favour of no-deal[116]
  • 12 LD voting against the no-deal
  • 1 Ind (Frank Field MP) voting in favour of no-deal
  • Continued non-attendance of SF
  • Other - 1 Speaker and 3 Deputy Speakers (non-voting)
Summary of number of the 650 seats with potential non-Leave vote combined
Voting for no-deal with the EU (305) Voting against no-deal with the EU (334) Other (4)

Stay in the EU

edit
External videos
John Micklethwait (Bloomberg Editor-in-Chief) interviewing Emmanuel Macron at the One Planet Summit, 26 September 2018
  Macron Says He'd Welcome the U.K. If They Stay in the EU via Bloomberg Politics on YouTube[195]

Remaining in the EU without going back to the electorate is probably the least likely of the four scenarios but it is technically possible.[196]

Hold another referendum

edit
See also: Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum § Support for a second referendum
External videos
Peston: Amber Rudd on a People's Vote
  Amber Rudd telling Robert Peston "I do think it would be ironic indeed if we got a people's vote because the Brexit-y people in my party were unable to support the prime minister in her negotiated settlement." via Peston on YouTube[197]

A second referendum would be possible if the EU agreed to extend the Article 50 deadline.[198]

In February 2018 The Guardian reported that "former prime minister John Major said MPs should be given a free vote [in the Commons] on the final Brexit deal, implying that calling a second referendum or rejecting Brexit outright should both be options.... But Major made it clear that he personally did not favour a second referendum; he wants parliament to take the final decision."[199]

On 10 September 2018 in a speech to the Trades Union Congress (TUC), Frances O'Grady, General Secretary of the TUC announced the TUC's support for a second referendum.[200]

On 25 September 2018 Keir Starmer, Shadow Brexit Secretary speaking at the Labour Party Conference announced that "nobody [in Labour] is ruling out remain as an option [on the ballot paper]" in the event of a second referendum.[24]

News digest

edit
September 2018
Saturday, 1 September 2018
Sunday, 2 September 2018
Monday, 3 September 2018
Tuesday, 4 September 2018
See also: Peston, Robert (4 September 2018). "David Davis may win his Canada-style Brexit deal (blog)". ITV News.
Wednesday, 5 September 2018
Thursday, 5 September 2018
Friday, 7 September 2018
See also: Staff writer (7 September 2018). "Tony Blair doubts Labour can be 'taken back by moderates'". BBC News.
Saturday, 8 September 2018
Sunday, 9 September 2018
See also: Johnson, Boris (9 September 2018). "BORIS JOHNSON and JEREMY HUNT debate the Chequers deal: BORIS JOHNSON: We have wrapped a suicide vest around our constitution and handed the detonator to Brussels". The Mail on Sunday.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
and: Hunt, Jeremy (9 September 2018). "BORIS JOHNSON and JEREMY HUNT debate the Chequers deal: JEREMY HUNT: Mrs May will hold the line and win the best deal for Britain. But she needs the country behind her". The Mail on Sunday.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Monday, 10 September 2018
Tuesday, 11 September 2018
Wednesday, 12 September 2018
Thursday, 13 September 2018
Friday, 14 September 2018
Saturday, 15 September 2018
Sunday, 16 September 2018
Monday, 17 September 2018
Tuesday, 18 September 2018
Wednesday, 19 September 2018
Thursday, 20 September 2018
Friday, 21 September 2018
Saturday, 22 September 2018
Sunday, 23 September 2018
Monday, 24 September 2018
Tuesday, 25 September 2018
Wednesday, 26 September 2018
Thursday, 27 September 2018
Friday, 28 September 2018
Saturday, 29 September 2018
Sunday, 30 September 2018
October 2018
Monday, 1 October 2018
Tuesday, 2 October 2018
Wednesday, 3 October 2018
Thursday, 4 October 2018
Friday, 5 October 2018
Saturday, 6 October 2018
Sunday, 7 October 2018
Monday, 8 October 2018
Tuesday, 9 October 2018
Wednesday, 10 October 2018
Thursday, 11 October 2018
Friday, 12 October 2018
Saturday, 13 October 2018
Sunday, 14 October 2018
Monday, 15 October 2018
Tuesday, 16 October 2018
Wednesday, 17 October 2018
Thursday, 18 October 2018
Friday, 19 October 2018
Saturday, 20 October 2018
Sunday, 21 October 2018
Monday, 22 October 2018
Tuesday, 23 October 2018
Wednesday, 24 October 2018
Thursday, 25 October 2018
Friday, 25 October 2018 – Sunday, 28 October 2018
  • Low coverage of Brexit.
Tuesday, 30 October 2018
Wednesday, 31 October 2018
November 2018
Thursday, 1 November 2018
Friday, 2 November 2018
Saturday, 3 November 2018
  • Low coverage of Brexit.
Sunday, 4 November 2018
Monday, 5 November 2018
Tuesday, 6 November 2018
Environmental Audit Committee (24 July 2018). "The Government's 25 Year Plan for the Environment". London: House of Commons Library. HC 803. Pdf.
Wednesday, 7 November 2018
Thursday, 8 November 2018
  • Low coverage of Brexit.
Friday, 9 November 2018
Saturday, 10 November 2018
Sunday, 11 November 2018
Monday, 12 November 2018
Tuesday, 13 November 2018
Wednesday, 14 November 2018
Thursday, 15 November 2018
Friday, 16 November 2018
Saturday, 17 November 2018
Sunday, 18 November 2018
Monday, 19 November 2018
Tuesday, 20 November 2018
Wednesday, 21 November 2018
Thursday, 22 November 2018
Friday, 23 November 2018
Saturday, 24 November 2018
Sunday, 25 November 2018
Monday, 26 November 2018
Tuesday, 27 November 2018
Wednesday, 28 November 2018
Thursday, 29 November 2018
Friday, 30 November 2018
Week ending Sunday, 2 December 2018
Saturday, 1 December 2018
Sunday, 2 December 2018
Week ending Sunday, 9 December 2018
Monday, 3 December 2018
Tuesday, 4 December 2018
Wednesday, 5 December 2018
Thursday, 6 December 2018
Friday, 7 December 2018
Saturday, 8 December 2018
Sunday, 9 December 2018
Week ending Sunday, 16 December 2018
Monday, 10 December 2018
Tuesday, 11 December 2018
Wednesday, 12 December 2018
Thursday, 13 December 2018
Friday, 14 December 2018
Saturday, 15 December 2018

Considerations in terms of editing Wikipedia

edit

WP:CRYSTAL vs WP:CRYSTAL

edit

I don't believe that articles should be put up for deletion on the grounds of WP:CRYSTAL vs WP:CRYSTAL as happened here:

Quasi-canvassing via non-notification

edit

There may be quasi-canvassing issues via non-notification of editors over AfDs and PRODs. See the following:

The tone of the debate: negativity and assumptions

edit

Positive and negative biased connotations

edit

Putting a positive connotation (and therefore correct) on one side of the debate and a negative connotation (and therefore wrong) the other:

Either
  •  Y Remainers are pro-EU and Brexiteers are pro-Brexit

Or

  •  Y Remainers are anti-Brexit and Brexiteers are anti-EU

Not a combination of the two

  •  N Remainers are pro-EU and Brexiteers are anti-EU
  •  N Remainers are anti-Brexit and Brexiteers are pro-Brexit


This also applies to biographies of living persons and comments about two (or more) people in the same article:

Either
  •  Y X supported the UK remaining in the EU in the referendum
  •  Y while Y supported the UK leaving in the EU in the referendum

Or

  •  Y X was opposed to the UK leaving the EU in the referendum
  •  Y while Y was opposed to the UK remaining the EU in the referendum

Not a combination of the two

  •  N X supported the UK remaining in the EU, while Y was opposed to the UK remaining in the EU in the referendum
  •  N X was opposed to the UK leaving the EU, while Y supported the UK leaving in the EU in the referendum

Appendix 1

edit
Labour leadership elections 2015 and 2016
  • 14 August – 12 September 2015
The Labour leadership election, triggered by Ed Miliband's resignation, took place under the reformed rules adopted from the proposals of the February 2014 Collins Report, which was led by Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury.[201][202]
The review changed the way in which Labour elects leaders. Under the former system, a three-way electoral college chose the leader:
Following the Collins review, the electoral college was replaced by
Candidates are elected by members and registered and affiliated supporters, who all receive a maximum of one vote and all votes are weighted equally.[203] This meant that, for example, members of Labour-affiliated trade unions needed to register as Labour supporters to vote.
The party also offered £3 memberships and all members - including those who had joined after the 2015 leadership election was called - had a vote in the contest. This led to an upsurge of new members (from 190,000 in May 2015 to 515,000 in July 2016, an influx of 325,000) joining specifically to see left-wing candidate Jeremy Corbyn elected.[204][205]
Corbyn was elected in a landslide in the first round, with 59.5% of the votes, winning in all three sections of the ballot.
Candidate[206] Party members Registered supporters Affiliated supporters Total
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Jeremy Corbyn  Y 121,751 49.6 88,449 83.8 41,217 57.6 251,417
59.5
Andy Burnham 55,698 22.7 6,160 5.8 18,604 26.0 80,462
19.0
Yvette Cooper 54,470 22.2 8,415 8.0 9,043 12.6 71,928
17.0
Liz Kendall 13,601 5.5 2,574 2.4 2,682 3.8 18,857
4.5

Turnout for the vote was 422,871 (76.3%) of the 554,272 eligible voters, with 207 spoilt ballots. 343,995 votes (81.3%) were cast online, the UK's largest online ballot.[207]

  • Owen Smith was endorsed by 107 Labour politicians
  • Angela Eagle was endorsed by 44 Labour politicians, 16 of whom switched to Smith after Eagle withdrew
  • Jeremy Corbyn was endorsed by 18 Labour politicians
Full result[208]
Candidate Party members Registered supporters Affiliated supporters Total
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Jeremy Corbyn  Y 168,216 59.0 84,918 69.9 60,075 60.2 313,209
61.8
Owen Smith 116,960 41.0 36,599 30.1 39,670 39.8 193,229
38.2

Turnout was 77.6%.[208]

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Once the referendum result was known the majority of Conservative and Labour Party MPs committed to respecting the result and - for voting purposes within the Commons - are labelled pro-Brexit.
  2. ^ Theoretically the figure is 326, over half of the 650 seats but given the absence of Sinn Féin MPs and the fact that the Speaker John Bercow and Deputy Speakers Lindsay Hoyle, Eleanor Laing and Rosie Winterton do not vote, the number of MPs needed for a majority is, in practice, 320.
  3. ^ Prior to the referendum May campaigned for the UK to remain in the EU but since the referendum has been committed to "delivering Brexit" and is therefore being labelled pro-Brexit.
  4. ^ Figures do not include Tracey Crouch (Con) and Jesse Norman (Con), who have both chosen not to say how they voted. The figures also do not include the Speaker and the Deputy Speakers.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Staff writer (26 March 2018). "Brexit: Key dates and potential hurdles". BBC News. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  2. ^ Staff writer (24 January 2013). "David Cameron pledges EU referendum if Conservatives win next election". RTÉ. Dublin. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  3. ^ Staff writer (25 May 2014). "European elections: UKIP tops British polls". Sky News. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  4. ^ Staff writer (8 May 2015). "Election 2015: Inquiry into opinion poll failures". BBC News. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  5. ^ The Conservative Party Manifesto 2015 (PDF). Conservative Party. 2015. p. 30. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  6. ^ David Cameron Prime Minister (24 June 2016). Brexit: David Cameron resigns as UK votes to leave (Video). BBC News via YouTube. Retrieved 16 October 2018. {{cite AV media}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ Staff writer (11 July 2016). "Theresa May set to be UK PM after Andrea Leadsom quits". BBC News. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  8. ^ "Supreme Court Judgment [2017] UKSC 5" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Ross, Alice (3 November 2016). "Gina Miller on her Brexit legal challenge: 'This had to be done'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  10. ^ a b c d Stewart, Heather; Mason, Rowena (1 February 2017). "Brexit: fifth of Labour MPs defy three line whip to vote against article 50 bill". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  11. ^ a b c "European Union (Withdrawal) Bill: Division 135". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 1 February 2017.
  12. ^ a b Asthana, Anushka; Stewart, Heather; Walker, Peter (29 March 2017). "May triggers article 50 with warning of consequence for UK". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  13. ^ a b c Staff writer (26 June 2017). "Conservatives agree pact with DUP to support May government". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  14. ^ Austin, Henry (13 December 2017). "Brexit vote: The 11 Tory rebel MPs who defeated the Government". The Independent. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  15. ^ Boffey, Daniel (15 December 2017). "EU leaders agree Brexit talks can move on to phase two". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  16. ^ a b "The future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union". gov.uk. Department for Exiting the European Union via GOV.UK. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  17. ^ a b Morris, Chris (12 July 2018). "Brexit: What does the government White Paper reveal?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  18. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Boffey, Daniel; Crerar, Pippa (21 September 2018). "Brexit: May humiliated by Salzburg ambush as she fights to save Chequers". The Guardian. Front page. Retrieved 16 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help) Image via Twitter.
  19. ^ Erlanger, Steven (21 September 2018). "E.U. takes tough, unified line on Brexit in meeting with British". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  20. ^ Coates, Sam; Elliott, Francis; Wright, Oliver (22 September 2018). "Defiant May raises stakes with no-deal threat to EU". The Times. Front page. Retrieved 16 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help) Image via Twitter.
  21. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Boffey, Daniel (22 September 2018). "Theresa May demands respect from EU over Brexit as pound falls". The Guardian. Front page. Retrieved 16 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help) Image via Twitter.
  22. ^ a b Walker, Peter; Stewart, Heather; Elgot, Jessica (24 September 2018). "McDonnell: new Brexit referendum should not include remain option". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  23. ^ Schofield, Kevin; Casalicchio, Emilio (25 September 2018). "Labour Brexit splits erupt as Keir Starmer insists Remain would be option in second EU referendum". PoliticsHome. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  24. ^ a b c d Keir Starmer, Shadow Brexit Secretary (speaker) (25 September 2018). 'Nobody is ruling out remain as an option': Keir Starmer at Labour's Brexit debate (Television). Guardian News via YouTube. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite AV media}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ "Dods at Party Conference 2018: Conservative Fringe Events". dodspartyconference.co.uk. Dod's Monitoring. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  26. ^ Vaughan, Richard (2 October 2018). "'Follow your Conservative instincts': Boris Johnson's alternative leader's speech to Tory conference". i (newspaper). Front page. Retrieved 16 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help) Image via Twitter.
  27. ^ Kuenssberg, Laura (2 October 2018). "Theresa May on why Boris Johnson speech made her cross". BBC News. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  28. ^ Theresa May (3 October 2018). Theresa May delivers keynote speech to Conservative Party Conference (Video). ITV News via YouTube. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  29. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Crerar, Pippa (3 October 2018). "May appeals to 'decent patriots' in effort to halt Johnson leadership bid". The Guardian. Front page. Retrieved 16 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help) Image via Twitter.
  30. ^ Wishart, Ian (4 October 2018). "Countdown to Brexit's moment of truth: what's happening when". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  31. ^ Smyth, Patrick (8 October 2018). "Brexit: EU postpones key paper on future UK relationship". The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  32. ^ Vaughan, Richard (18 October 2018). "Theresa May prepared to extend Brexit transition period in an attempt to save deal". i (newspaper). Retrieved 1 December 2018. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  33. ^ Balls, Katy (19 October 2018). "Theresa May's position on Brexit leaves a no deal scenario more likely than ever before". i (newspaper). Opinion. Retrieved 1 December 2018. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Stewart, Heather (10 November 2018). "Jo Johnson quits as minister over Theresa May's Brexit plan". The Guardian. Front page. Retrieved 1 December 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Parker, George; Hughes, Laura; Pickard, Jim (10 November 2018). "Jo Johnson quits as minister over Brexit and calls for vote on deal". Financial Times. Front page. Retrieved 1 December 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ "Draft Political Declaration setting out the framework for the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union". gov.uk. Department for Exiting the European Union via GOV.UK. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  37. ^ Staff writer (22 November 2018). "Brexit: Draft agreement on future relationship right for UK, says May". BBC News. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  38. ^ Stewart, Heather; Boffey, Daniel (26 November 2018). "May to warn MPs that rejecting Brexit deal would put UK 'back to square one'". The Guardian. Front page. Retrieved 1 December 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ Stone, Jon (26 November 2018). "Brexit: EU leaders approve Theresa May's deal but warn it cannot be renegotiated". The Independent. Front page. Retrieved 1 December 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Sam, Meredith (27 November 2018). "Trump warns Brexit agreement could threaten future US-UK trade deal". CNBC. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  41. ^ Mason, Chris (29 November 2018). "Brexit debate: Clash over whether BBC or ITV will host debate". BBC News. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  42. ^ Stewart, Heather (28 November 2018). "Brexit: how the meaningful vote will work". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  43. ^ Staff writer. "European Council, 21-22/03/2019". consilium.europa.eu. General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  44. ^ a b c Daniel, Kraemer; Ash, Sebastien (22 August 2018). "Brexit: Key dates and potential hurdles". BBC News. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  45. ^ Wheeler, Brian (11 September 2018). "The Brexit factions reshaping UK politics". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  46. ^ "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018". Legislation.gov.uk. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  47. ^ "Henry VIII clauses". parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  48. ^ Collins, Jem (22 March 2017). "So, What's Henry VIII Got to do With Brexit?". rightsinfo.org. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  49. ^ a b Sandhu, Serina (9 July 2018). "How would a vote of no confidence in Theresa May as Prime Minister work?". i (newspaper). Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  50. ^ "Current state of the parties". parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  51. ^ a b c "Conservative and DUP Agreement and UK Government financial support for Northern Ireland". gov.uk. GOV.UK. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i Staff writer (22 June 2016). "EU vote: Where the cabinet and other MPs stand". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  53. ^ Staff writer (9 July 2016). "Brexit: Petition for second EU referendum rejected". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  54. ^ a b Piper, Elizabeth; James, William (18 July 2018). "'Brexit continues to mean Brexit' - May presses on with her plan". Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  55. ^ Elliott, Larry (5 February 2018). "UK services sector growth falls to 16-month low". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  56. ^ Morris, Chris (5 July 2018). "Brexit: Why services matter in any deal". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  57. ^ Wintour, Patrick (17 September 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn: Labour will campaign for UK to stay in the EU". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  58. ^ Morris, Chris (8 January 2018). "Reality Check: Labour's Brexit position". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  59. ^ Elgot, Jessica (23 July 2017). "Labour would leave single market, says Jeremy Corbyn". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  60. ^ Mason, Rowena (8 January 2018). "Jeremy Corbyn insists UK cannot remain in single market after Brexit". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  61. ^ a b Craig, Jon (6 June 2018). "Corbyn facing Labour backlash as he demands 'new single market' after Brexit". Sky News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  62. ^ a b c Morris, Nigel (13 June 2018). "Six Labour frontbenchers resign in protest at Labour's Brexit position". i (newspaper). Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  63. ^ a b c "European Union (Withdrawal) Bill: Division 179". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 13 June 2018.
  64. ^ Bush, Stephen (6 June 2018). "Labour's Brexit strategy: to defeat the Tories in parliament and force an election". New Statesman. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  65. ^ Brooks, Libby (29 October 2014). "Nicola Sturgeon calls for Scottish veto on EU referendum". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  66. ^ Cowburn, Ashley (24 June 2016). "EU referendum result: Nicola Sturgeon says Scotland sees its future as part of the EU as Brexit confirmed". The Independent. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  67. ^ Brown, Stephen (29 June 2016). "Nicola Sturgeon wins sympathy, not support". Politico. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  68. ^ Mortimer, Caroline (29 June 2016). "Liberal Democrat membership surging with 'one person a minute joining' following party's pledge to fight Brexit". The Independent. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  69. ^ a b Staff writer (20 February 2016). "DUP confirms it will campaign for Brexit in Leave/Remain referendum". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2018. The Democratic Unionist Party has formally announced its intention to campaign for a Brexit.
  70. ^ Hughes, Laura (9 June 2017). "Who are the DUP and will they demand a soft Brexit to prop up the Tories?". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  71. ^ Staff writer (8 May 2017). "Simon Danczuk resigns from Labour Party". ITV News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  72. ^ Staff writer (21 March 2018). "Former SNP MP in court over fraud claims". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  73. ^ a b Staff writer (30 August 2018). "Anti-Semitism row: Frank Field resigns Labour whip". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  74. ^ Cooke, Rachel (18 June 2018). "Jared O'Mara, the pub-owning first-time MP who won Nick Clegg's seat". The Observer. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  75. ^ Goodman, Paul. "Accused, but not charged. Suspended, with no appeal. The limbo existence of Charlie Elphicke". conservativehome.com. Conservative Home. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  76. ^ "Lady Hermon MP". parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  77. ^ Staff writer (3 November 2017). "Labour suspends Luton North MP Kelvin Hopkins". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  78. ^ Staff writer (23 November 2017). "MP Ivan Lewis suspended by Labour". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  79. ^ Staff writer (12 July 2018). "Reinstated Labour MP Jared O'Mara quits Labour Party". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  80. ^ Staff writer (18 July 2018). "MP John Woodcock quits Labour with attack on 'hard left'". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  81. ^ a b c Staff writer (10 February 2016). "Stay in EU to solve its problems, Plaid Cymru says". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  82. ^ a b c Hanif, Faisal (20 March 2017). "What are the Green party's policies?". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  83. ^ a b c "Yes to an EU Referendum: Green MP calls for chance to build a better Europe". Archived from the original on 10 April 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  84. ^ a b Staff writer (20 March 2017). "Sinn Fein to spell out Brexit opposition to Theresa May". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  85. ^ a b Swan, Sean. "Sinn Fein and the prospect of a hard Brexit: time to drop Abstentionism". blogs.lse.ac.uk. London School of Economics. Retrieved 1 October 2018. Cite error: The named reference "SF_LSE" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  86. ^ a b Maskey, Paul (6 March 2018). "I'm a Sinn Féin MP. This is why I won't go to Westminster, even over Brexit". The Guardian. Opinion. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  87. ^ Dominiczak, Peter (24 September 2016). "Theresa May accused of leaving David Cameron to 'fight alone' during the EU Referendum, according to former No 10 director". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  88. ^ Lynch, Philip; Whitaker, Richard (April 2018). "All Brexiteers now? Brexit, the Conservatives and party change". British Politics. Springer. 13 (1): 31–47. doi:10.1057/s41293-017-0064-6.
  89. ^ Hopkins, Nick; Mason, Rowena (26 October 2016). "Exclusive: what Theresa May really thinks about Brexit shown in leaked recording". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  90. ^ a b Staff writer (24 March 2017). "Brexit 'clears way' for German domination claims Heseltine". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  91. ^ Reuters (29 May 2017). "May says prepared to leave EU without a Brexit deal". Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  92. ^ a b PA (17 January 2017). "Theresa May's Brexit speech in full: Prime Minister outlines her 12 objectives for negotiations". The Independent. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  93. ^ a b Video and full transcript of speech: May, Theresa (17 January 2017). "The government's negotiating objectives for exiting the EU: PM speech | Certainty and clarity: 1. Certainty". Gov.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  94. ^ Letters page (23 September 2018). "Sticking with the Chequers plan would be a betrayal of the Brexit vote". The Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  95. ^ a b Asthana, Anushka; Walker, Peter (19 April 2017). "Theresa May calls for general election to secure Brexit mandate". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  96. ^ a b New Statesman (18 April 2017). "Theresa May on calling an early election: full statement". New Statesman. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  97. ^ a b Birrell, Ian (2 May 2017). "Strengthen our hand in Europe? No, a landslide for May would weaken it". The Guardian. Opinion. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  98. ^ Peston, Robert (12 June 2017). "How long can Theresa May survive Tory civil war?". ITV News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  99. ^ Staff writer (11 June 2017). "Theresa May's leadership on the line as Conservative Party recriminations continue". ABC News. Australia. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  100. ^ "European Union (Withdrawal) Bill (HC Bill 5)". UK Parliament. 2017. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  101. ^ Asthana, Anushka; Mason, Rowena (13 December 2017). "Tory rebels confident of securing 'meaningful vote' on Brexit deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  102. ^ "European Union (Withdrawal) Bill: Division 191". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 20 June 2018. col. 384–388.
  103. ^ Perkins, Anne; Elgot, Jessica (20 June 2018). "Brexit 'meaningful vote': May wins after rebels accept compromise". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  104. ^ "Letter from European Research Group to PM May". 16 February 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  105. ^ Morris, Chris (29 June 2018). "Reality Check: The Brexit challenge for Irish trade". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  106. ^ Campbell, John (19 September 2018). "Q&A: The Irish border Brexit backstop". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  107. ^ Stewart, Heather (9 July 2018). "Brexit secretary David Davis resigns plunging government into crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  108. ^ Stewart, Heather; Crerar, Pippa; Sabbagh, Dan (9 July 2018). "May's plan 'sticks in the throat', says Boris Johnson as he resigns over Brexit". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  109. ^ Staff writer (9 July 2018). "PM replaces Davis with Raab as she battles Brexit crisis". Sky News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  110. ^ Staff writer (11 September 2018). "Mark Carney to stay on at Bank of England until 2020". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  111. ^ Treanor, Jill (28 November 2018). "Bank warns no-deal could see UK sink into recession". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  112. ^ Waldie, Paul (29 November 2018). "'A failed, second-tier Canadian politician': Mark Carney's dire Brexit warnings earn the wrath of British politicians". The Globe and Mail. Canada. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  113. ^ Staff writer (September 2018). "A World Trade Deal: The Complete Guide" (PDF). Economists for Free Trade.
  114. ^ Morris, Chris (11 September 2018). "Brexit: Do claims for a 'clean break' add up?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  115. ^ Staff writer (12 September 2018). "The Border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland post-Brexit" (PDF). European Research Group.
  116. ^ a b c Maguire, Patrick (12 September 2018). "The ERG and DUP just created a new Brexit nightmare for Theresa May". New Statesman. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  117. ^ Roe, Emily; James, William (9 September 2018). "Technical fix for Irish border could allow Brexit breakthrough - Britain's Johnson". Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  118. ^ a b Boris Johnson (24 September 2018). Boris Johnson says IEA report is a 'very exciting way forward' (Video). Daily Mail via YouTube. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite AV media}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  119. ^ Singham, Shanker A.; Tylecote, Radomir (24 September 2018). "Plan A+: Creating a prosperous post-Brexit UK". Institute of Economic Affairs.
  120. ^ Ross, Tim; Penny, Thomas; Hutton, Robert (24 September 2018). "Tory rebels publish rival Brexit plan to challenge Theresa May". Bloomberg. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  121. ^ McNulty, Lucy (24 September 2018). "David Davis-backed Brexit plan calls for big Mifid II changes". Financial News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  122. ^ Rayner, Gordon (28 September 2018). "My plan for a better Brexit". The Telegraph. Front page. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help) Image via Twitter.
  123. ^ Boffey, Daniel (25 June 2016). "Hilary Benn seeks shadow cabinet backing to oust Corbyn". The Observer. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  124. ^ Asthana, Anushka; Boffey, Daniel; Phipps, Claire (26 June 2016). "Half of Labour shadow cabinet set to resign after Hilary Benn sacked". The Observer. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  125. ^ Staff writer (28 June 2016). "Who's staying and who's going in the shadow cabinet?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  126. ^ Syal, Rajeev; Perraudin, Frances; Slawson, Nicola (26 June 2016). "Shadow cabinet resignations: who has gone and who is staying". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  127. ^ Staff writer (28 June 2016). "Labour MPs pass Corbyn no-confidence motion". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  128. ^ Grierson, Jamie; Elgot, Jessica (27 January 2017). "Two Labour whips defy Jeremy Corbyn on article 50 vote". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  129. ^ Elgot, Jessica (27 January 2017). "Labour MP Jo Stevens quits shadow cabinet over article 50 vote". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  130. ^ Stewart, Heather (22 September 2017). "The long read: The inside story of Labour's election shock". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  131. ^ Bulman, May (9 June 2017). "'I was clearly wrong': What MPs who opposed Jeremy Corbyn said then and what they're saying now". The Independent. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  132. ^ Bulman, May (13 June 2017). "Labour Party membership soars by 35,000 since general election". The Independent. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  133. ^ a b Staff writer (27 March 2017). "Article 50: Brexit deal must meet six tests, says Labour". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  134. ^ a b Bean, Emma (27 March 2017). "Keir Starmer: Labour has six tests for Brexit – if they're not met we won't back the final deal in parliament". LabourList. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  135. ^ Staff writer (30 June 2017). "Jeremy Corbyn sacks three frontbenchers over single market vote". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  136. ^ Mance, Henry; Pickard, Jim (15 September 2018). "Labour to vote against Brexit deal, Emily Thornberry says". Financial Times. Front page. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  137. ^ Sophy Ridge (host) and Chuka Umunna (guest) (9 September 2018). Chuka Umunna: Labour is institutionally racist (Television). Sophy Ridge on Sunday. Sky News via YouTube. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  138. ^ Staff writer (30 August 2018). "Veteran MP Frank Field quits Labour whip". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  139. ^ Stewart, Heather; Walker, Peter (30 August 2018). "Frank Field resigns Labour whip over antisemitism crisis". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  140. ^ Cathy Newman (host), Clare Fallon (North of England correspondent), Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis (speaker at rally) and Margaret Hodge MP (speaker at rally) (16 September 2018). Chief Rabbi calls for action to deal with Labour Party anti-Semitism issue (Television). Channel 4 News. Channel 4. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  141. ^ a b Staff writer (8 September 2018). "John McDonnell condemns 'call off the dogs' comments". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  142. ^ Bush, Stephen (7 September 2018). "Chuka Umunna: a Labour split is "in the hands" of Jeremy Corbyn". New Statesman. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  143. ^ a b Staff writer (8 September 2018). "Chuka Umunna tells Jeremy Corbyn to 'call off the dogs'". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  144. ^ Theresa May's Failed Brexit Plan (PDF). Labour Party. 24 September 2018.
  145. ^ Morris, Chris (25 September 2018). "Reality Check: What is Labour's Brexit plan?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  146. ^ Staff writer (24 September 2018). "Labour to vote on 'keeping all options on the table' including backing second Brexit vote". ITV News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  147. ^ Staff writer (26 September 2018). "Labour will vote against May's Chequers plan 'as it stands' – Corbyn". ITV News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  148. ^ Wheeler, Brian (15 July 2017). "What chance for a new 'centre ground' party in the UK?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  149. ^ a b McDonald, Karl (9 April 2018). "All the centrist parties that have already failed since Britain voted for Brexit". i (newspaper). Retrieved 5 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  150. ^ Webber, Esther (9 August 2018). "All this talk about a new centrist party - but will it ever happen?". The Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  151. ^ a b Payne, Adam (6 September 2018). "Moderate Conservative and Labour MPs are in talks with the Lib Dems to form a new centrist alliance". Business Insider. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  152. ^ Nick Robinson (Presenter) and Tony Blair (Labour Prime Minister 1997–2007) (7 September 2018). The Tony Blair One (Podcast). Political Thinking. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
    See also: Staff writer (7 September 2018). "Tony Blair doubts Labour can be 'taken back by moderates'". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  153. ^ Pickard, Jim; Mance, Henry (7 September 2018). "Tony Blair hints at creation of UK centrist party". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  154. ^ Colson, Thomas (20 July 2018). "Could a 'national unity government' be the solution to May's Brexit deadlock?". Business Insider. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  155. ^ Eaton, George (13 June 2018). "How the Brexiteers lost control". New Statesman. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  156. ^ Pickard, Jim (29 August 2018). "Labour rattled by growing threat of 'centrist' schism". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  157. ^ Graham, Chris (19 August 2018). "Superdry co-founder Julian Dunkerton gives £1m to People's Vote campaign for second Brexit referendum". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  158. ^ Savage, Michael (18 August 2018). "Julian Dunkerton: the man who gave £1m to the People's Vote campaign". The Observer. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  159. ^ Shipman, Tim; Wheeler, Caroline (18 March 2018). "Angry Labour MPs plot pro-EU party". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 12 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  160. ^ Blanchard, Jack (29 August 2018). "A view from the Lakes". Politico Playbook. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  161. ^ Casalicchio, Emilio (14 September 2018). "Vince Cable: Lib Dems could change name in push for new centrist movement". Politics Home. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  162. ^ Wheeler, Caroline; Shipman, Tim (22 July 2018). "Vince Cable missed customs bill vote to discuss anti-Brexit party". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  163. ^ Burgon, Richard (16 August 2018). "Talk of national governments and new parties shows the desperation of those opposed to a radical Labour government". Morning Star. Front page. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  164. ^ Jones, Owen (1 March 2018). "A new 'centrist' party is doomed – but could still keep Corbyn out of No 10". The Guardian. Opinion. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  165. ^ Maguire, Patrick (1 September 2018). "Exclusive: John McDonnell appeals to Labour MPs not to split – "I'm worried and saddened"". New Statesman. Front page. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  166. ^ Myers, Rupert (16 August 2017). "James Chapman is the Rogue One of remainers". GQ. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  167. ^ Weaver, Matthew (11 August 2017). "Two cabinet ministers 'interested in new anti-Brexit party idea". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  168. ^ Gilchrist, Karen (14 August 2017). "'Democrat' party may be launched in the UK to fight Brexit". CNBC. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  169. ^ Swinford, Steven (8 April 2018). "Plans for new centrist political party will "end in fiasco", says Lord Hattersley". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  170. ^ Henley, Peter (8 August 2018). "Who is United for change?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  171. ^ Zoe, Williams (8 August 2018). "Being middle-aged is like taking a warm bath – if you remember not to care". The Guardian. Opinion. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  172. ^ Savage, Michael (8 April 2018). "New centrist party gets £50m backing to 'break mould' of UK politics". The Observer. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  173. ^ Elliott, Francis (31 August 2018). "New centre party splits before its launch". The Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  174. ^ Gartside, Ben; Payne, Adam (1 September 2018). "Inside 'United for Change,' the new centrist party trying to transform British politics". Business Insider. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  175. ^ Wheeler, Caroline; Forbes, Felix (16 September 2018). "Centrist party founder says Lib Dems could be 'real force for change'". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  176. ^ Wright, Robert (14 October 2017). "New anti-Brexit party hopes to capture UK politics centre ground". The Financial Times. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  177. ^ Chakelian, Anoosh (22 May 2018). ""We're out, accept it!": on the road with Renew – the new political party trying to reverse Brexit". New Statesman. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  178. ^ MacAskill, Andrew; Faulconbridge, Guy (19 February 2018). "New British party inspired by Macron seeks to overturn Brexit". Reuters. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  179. ^ Gavin, Harvey (9 March 2018). "We were lied to! New 'Renew' party hopes to overturn Brexit". Daily Express. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  180. ^ a b Neilan, Catherine (1 May 2018). "Third councillor defects to centrist party Renew". City A.M. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  181. ^ "Councillor Judi Sutherland". barnardcastletowncouncil.gov.uk. Barnard Castle Town Council. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  182. ^ "Shaftesbury Ward results". wandsworth.gov.uk. Wandsworth London Borough Council. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  183. ^ "Councillor John Ferrett". democracy.portsmouth.gov.uk. Portsmouth City Council. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  184. ^ "About". radicalsuk.com. Radicals UK via WordPress. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  185. ^ Di Stefano, Mark; Waterson, Jim (18 October 2017). "People keep trying to start pro-EU British centrist movements on Twitter". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  186. ^ Savage, Michael (13 May 2017). "Millionaire Brexit donor targets 140 remain MPs in general election". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  187. ^ Malnick, Edward (23 September 2018). "Tory donor threatens to fund breakaway Brexit party to 'deliver' on EU referendum". The Sunday Telegraph. Front page. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help) Image via Twitter.
  188. ^ Includes 4 MPs who are either suspended by their parties or have resigned: Charlie Elphicke, Ivan Lewis, Jared O'Mara and John Woodcock
  189. ^ Former Lab MPs Kelvin Hopkins and Frank Field
  190. ^ Staff writer (19 July 2018). "At-a-glance: The UK's four Brexit options". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  191. ^ Ross-Thomas, Emma (15 November 2018). "Confused about Brexit? Here's what you need to know". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  192. ^ a b Mance, Henry; Pickard, Jim (15 September 2018). "Labour to vote against, Emily Thornberry says". Financial Times. Front page. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  193. ^ a b Staff writer (16 September 2018). "Lib Dems will oppose May's Chequers plan - Cable". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  194. ^ Sophy Ridge (host) and Dominic Grieve (guest) (22 July 2018). Grieve on Brexit: 'No deal would be catastrophic' (Television). Sophy Ridge on Sunday. Sky News via YouTube. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  195. ^ John Micklethwait (Bloomberg Editor-in-Chief) and Emmanuel Macron (guest) (26 September 2018). Macron Says He'd Welcome the U.K. If They Stay in the EU (Television). Bloomberg Politics. Bloomberg Politics via YouTube. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite AV media}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  196. ^ Staff writer (29 March 2017). "Reality Check: Can the UK change its mind on Article 50?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  197. ^ Robert Peston (host) and Amber Rudd (guest) (26 September 2018). Amber Rudd on a People's Vote (Television). Peston. Peston via YouTube. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite AV media}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  198. ^ Edgington, Tom (16 July 2018). "Brexit: How would a second EU referendum be held?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  199. ^ Sparrow, Andrew (28 February 2018). "Major says MPs should get free vote on final Brexit deal, with 2nd referendum or halting Brexit both options". The Guardian. Politics live. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help) Video.
  200. ^ Whiteside, Philip (10 September 2018). "TUC pressures Labour Party to support second Brexit referendum". Sky News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  201. ^ Collins, Ray (February 2014). Building a One Nation Labour Party: The Collins Review into Labour Party Reform (PDF). Labour Party.
  202. ^ Pope, Conor (8 May 2015). "How will the leadership election work?". LabourList. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  203. ^ Grice, Andrew (28 February 2014). "Tony Blair backs Ed Miliband's internal Labour reforms". The Independent. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  204. ^ Lewis, Helen (20 August 2015). "Labour should have seen this membership debacle coming". The Guardian. Opinion. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  205. ^ Poletti, Monica; Bale, Tim; Webb, Paul (16 November 2016). "Explaining the pro-Corbyn surge in Labour's membership (blog)". blogs.lse.ac.uk. London School of Economics. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  206. ^ "Results of the Labour Leadership elections". labour.org.uk. The Labour Party. 12 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  207. ^ Staff writer (12 September 2015). "Labour leadership results in full". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  208. ^ a b Pope, Conor (24 September 2016). "Jeremy Corbyn earns refreshed mandate as he is re-elected Labour leader". LabourList. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:The_Vintage_Feminist/Brexit101&oldid=1192859291"