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The following is a glossary of common English language terms used in the description of campanology—the scientific and musical study of bells.
B
edit- bell
To be written
- bell metal
Also bell bronze. A specialized alloy of bronze used to create bells. It consists of 18 to 24% tin, a maximum of 4% impurities, and the balance copper. In a well-cast bell, the composition is 78% copper, 20% tin, and 2% impurities.[1]
- bell tower
To be written
- bellfounding
To be written
- bourdon
To be written
C
edit- campanile
- carillon
To be written
- casting
To be written
- change ringing
To be written
- chime
- 1. Noun: To be written
- 2. Verb (chiming): A method of sounding a bell.
- chimestand
- A keyboard specially designed to play a chime, resembling that of a carillon's keyboard. It has much larger keys that parallel a reciprocating pump's handle and are usually depressed about 2.5 times farther than on a carillon. Chimes used adjustable leather straps as crude substitutes for turnbuckles.[2]
- clapper
- To be written
- clapper staple
- Also, crown staple. The pivot on which the clapper of a bell swings. They may be bolted though the bell (and therefore known as independent) or be cast into the bell upon creation (and therefore known as cast-in). The latter construction puts stress on a bell and is typically removed if a bell must be removed from its fixture.[3]
- clocking
- A method of sounding a bell by attaching a rope to the end of its clapper so that it can be pulled against the bell. It is an undesirable method as it can crack the bell in the process.[4]
- crown staple
D
edit- ding dong effect
- Also ding-dong effect. The concept that a bell's mouth when facing the listener has a greater timbre ('ding') than when it is facing away from the listener ('dong'), which gives rise to the "ding dong" sound of a swinging bell.[5]
F
edit- fD value
- The product of the frequency of a bell's hum tone in Hertz (Hz; 1/s) with its largest diameter in meters (m). For large bells, this value is around 200 m/s. In a set of carillon bells, the value rises to about 600 m/s as the size of the bell decreases.[6]
- fifth
- Refers to the interval between the quint and the prime.[7]
- fundamental
- The lowest partial in a natural harmonic series; however, in a bell's harmonic series, the fundamental is synonymous with the prime, the second-lowest partial.[8]
H
edit- harmonic series
For a bell, the sequence of frequencies produced from its vibration. Unlike the harmonic series of other musical instruments, not all of a bell's tones are mathematically and harmonically related, and so they are referred to as partials or (when excluding the fundamental partial) overtones.[9] The lowest five partials, the hum tone, prime, tierce, quint, and nominal are tuned manually by the bellfounder. Other partials exist above the nominal, but are left alone.[10] Additionally, the interaction of some overtones creates the perception of a resultant tone called the strike tone which, when the bell is tuned well, is identical to the prime, the fundamental partial. In larger bells, a secondary strike tone, the metal fourth can also be perceived.[11]
- hum tone
- The lowest partial in the harmonic series of a bell, which is produced by the vibration of its entire profile. It is pitched an octave below the prime.[12]
M
edit- metal fourth
- A secondary strike tone present in larger bells, particularly those well below middle C, which sounds a perfect fourth above the prime. Due to its unpleasantness, bellfounders attempt to minimize its presence when casting large bells.[13]
- method ringing
To be written
- minor third
- Refers to the interval between the tierce and the prime.[7]
N
edit- nominal
- The fifth-lowest partial in the harmonic series of a bell. It is pitched an octave above the prime.[7] This is the highest partial that bellfounders will tune, and by doing so, they can indirectly tune the pitch of the strike tone.[14]
O
editP
edit- partial
- To be written
- peal
To be written
- peal board
To be written
- prime
- The second-lowest partial in the harmonic series of a bell. It is pitched an octave above the hum tone, and unlike in a natural harmonic series, it is a bell's fundamental partial. The musical note of the prime is the musical note of the bell (e.g. if the prime of a bell is pitched D, the bell is a "D" bell).[16]
- profile
- To be written
Q
edit- quint
- The fourth-lowest partial in the harmonic series of a bell. It is pitched a perfect fifth above the prime and is alternatively referred to simply as the fifth.[18]
R
edit- ring
To be written
- ringing
- A method of sounding a bell
S
edit- Simpson tuning
- strike tone
A resultant tone that is formed from the nominal, major tenth, twelfth, and double octave partials of a bell.[19] It is the strongest tone when a bell is struck and rapidly fades behind the prime. The tone is harsh and (when well tuned[13]) is identical in pitch to the prime. The pitch of the strike tone is adjusted by tuning the nominal.[20]
- striking
- A method of sounding a bell
T
edit- tenor
- The heaviest bell in a ring.[21]
- tierce
- The third-lowest partial in the harmonic series of a bell. It is pitched a minor third (and therefore is alternatively referred to as such[23]) above the prime, and is notably not present in the natural harmonic series.[22] Because of its prominence, minor and diminished chords sound more natural on carillons than major chords.[24] Additionally, many composers have explored using the octatonic scale in their carillon music because of its relationship with minor chords.[7]
- treble
- The lightest bell in a ring.[25]
- tuning
- The process of adjusting the profile of a bell, specifically the thickness of its wall,[26] so that the lowest five partials are harmonized with each other, while simultaneously tuning the bell to the other bells in an applicable set, for example a carillon. A bell only needs tuning upon creation, and this is accomplished by shaving metal from the inside using a lathe.[27] The process of tuning these five partials is sometimes called Simpson tuning after the English canon Arthur Simpson, who popularized it in the 1890s.[28]
- tuning reserve
- Refers to the extra thickness of a bell's wall after it has been cast. Rather than attempting to tune a bell perfectly upon casting, it is made thicker, so that its walls can be shaved away with a lathe to harmonize its partials.[26]
- turnbuckle
To be written
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Lehr 1976, "klokkenbrons".
- ^ Gouwens 2013, p. 29.
- ^ "A Glossary of Bellringing Terms." Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, "clapper staple".
- ^ "A Glossary of Bellringing Terms." Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, "clocking".
- ^ Lehr 1976, "bim-bam effect".
- ^ Lehr 1976, "fD-waarde".
- ^ a b c d e f g Gouwens 2013, p. 73.
- ^ "Glossary of Carillon Terms." Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, "fundamental".
- ^ a b Gouwens 2013, p. 72.
- ^ Gouwens 2013, pp. 72–73; Lehr 1976, p. 7: octaafklok.
- ^ Gouwens 2013, pp. 73–74.
- ^ "Glossary of Carillon Terms." The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, "hum tone".
- ^ a b Gouwens 2013, p. 74.
- ^ "Glossary of Carillon Terms." The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, "nominal".
- ^ "Glossary of Carillon Terms." The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, "partial".
- ^ "Glossary of Carillon Terms." The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, "prime", "fundamental".
- ^ "Glossary of Carillon Terms." The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, "fifth".
- ^ For example, The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America uses fifth in its glossary,[17] while Campanology, a textbook by John Gouwens, uses quint.[7]
- ^ Gouwens 2013, p. 73; Lehr 1976, "slagtoon".
- ^ "Glossary of Carillon Terms." The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, "strike tone".
- ^ "A Glossary of Bellringing Terms." Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, "Simpson tuning", "tenor".
- ^ a b "Glossary of Carillon Terms." The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, "minor third".
- ^ For example, The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America uses minor third in its glossary,[22] while Campanology, a textbook by John Gouwens, uses tierce.[7]
- ^ Brink 2017, "Overtones".
- ^ "A Glossary of Bellringing Terms." Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, "Simpson tuning", "treble".
- ^ a b Gouwens 2013, p. 20.
- ^ "Glossary of Carillon Terms." The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America, "tuning".
- ^ "A Glossary of Bellringing Terms." Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, "Simpson tuning", "tuning".
Bibliography
edit- Brink, Joey (19 December 2017). "Composing for Carillon". NewMusicBox. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- Chesman, Jeremy (2015). "Terminology of the Carillon". Making Music on the Carillon. American Carillon Music Editions. p. 2. OCLC 917521619.
- Gouwens, John (2013). Campanology: A Study of Bells, with an Emphasis on the Carillon. North American Carillon School. ISBN 978-1-4840-3766-9.
- Lehr, André (1976). "Woordenlijst" [Glossary]. Leerboek der Campanologie: Een Muzikaal-Technische Verhandeling over Luidklokken en Beiaarden [Campanology Textbook: The Musical and Technical Aspects of Swinging Bells and Carillons] (in Dutch). Asten Carillon Museum. pp. 101–113. OCLC 21608335.
- A Glossary of Bellringing Terms (PDF) (Report). Central Council of Church Bell Ringers. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
- "Glossary of Carillon Terms". The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- "Glossary of Bell-Related Words (Alphabetic Order Version)". Towerbells.org. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.