| Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts | |||||||
 Map of Roland Crappé's campaign, 1619 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
|
Supported by: Thanjavur Nayak | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Roland Crappé (WIA) Senarath AdahasinRaghunatha Nayak | Unknown | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
 Øresund | Unknown | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
~44 men 1 ship |
7 ships 5 sampans 2 catamarans | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
1 ship 27 imprisoned 4 killed | 5 Sampans | ||||||
Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies (Danish; Roland Crappés plyndringer på portugisiske kolonier: Portuguese; Os ataques de Roland Crappé às colónias portuguesas) refers to a series of raids by Dutchman in Danish service, Roland Crappé, on Portuguese Ceylon and India. The raids were partially unsuccesful, in that Crappé's ship, Øresund (meaning the Sound), catched fire and sank.
Background
editIn 1611, after the Portuguese captured Kandy and set fire to the city,[1] King Senerat of Kandy urgently dispatched courier, Marchells Michielsz Boschouver, to Europe in hopes of negotiating an alliance-treaty with the Dutch East India Company.[2] Despite his efforts, the mission was unsuccessful and Boschouver ended up in Denmark, where he signed an un-ratified treaty with Christian IV of Denmark.[2] Denmark then sent five vessels and 300 soldiers, led by Ove Gjedde, to Ceylon to fulfill the terms of the treaty.[2] Along with Gjedde, Dutchman and experienced seafarer, Roland Crappé was sent too. Because of his earlier experiences, Crappé was sent to India two months before Gjedde.[3]
Battle and raids
editCrappé arrived on board of Øresund, as the first representative of the Danish expedition, on Ceylon in January 1619.[4] Crappé's task was to prepare for Ove Giedde's arrival.[5] Crappé met with the raja, Senarat of Kandy, and mentioned Boshouwer's mission, which the raja seems to have knowlegde about.[4] Senarat encouraged Crappé to attack the Portuguese, which was a encouragement that demanded careful consideration; to conduct privateering against a European Great Power was a dubious affair, which could end in destruction.[5]
Though, Crappé wanted to make a good impression on the raja, and attacked the the Portuguese on the Coromandel Coast.[6][4][7] He hijacked five Portuguese sampans and attacked Jaffna, Nagapattinam and other coastal Portuguese outposts.[6] Despite Portuguese irritation, they didn't want to politicize the situation.[5] Instead they retaliated by attacking Øresund of Karaikal.[6][4][5][8][7]
Near the fishing village of Karaikal, seven smaller Portuguese vessels tried to recapture the five sampans.[4] Under fire, Øresund catched fire and sank.[4][5][8] Crappé recalls the event:
...I found myself surrounded by some drawn sabers, and they dragged me by the throat through a quarter where I thought they were going to murder us...
27 of the ship's crew, including Crappé, were imprisoned.[4] Crappé was brought over to the lifeguard's house to sleep.[4] Next morning he witnessed 4 of his comrades heads on spikes.[4]
Aftermath
editRoland Crappé, to his luck, got in contact with a senior official of the local Thanjavur kingdom.[4] And after a month 14 healthy or wounded Dano-Norwegians were rescued out of Portuguese imprisonment.[4] Together with Crappé, the 15 men went out to the city of Thanjavur, and through friends, Crappé managed to get into audience with the king, Raghunatha.[4] Raghunatha got five additional Dano-Norwegians out of Nagapattinam, and fined Portugal for the loss of Øresund.[4]
Raghunatha could see the idea in forging ties with another European power in the hope of decreasing the influence of the Portuguese in his kingdom.[4][7] That is why in 1620, the Danes established themselves at Tranquebar.[9][7]
See also
edit- Cattle War – Conflict between Danish India and the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom
- Ove Gjedde – Danish nobleman and Admiral of the Realm
- Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom – Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in Sri Lanka (1560-1621)
- Dannemarksnagore – City/town in West Bengal, India
- Conquest of Koneswaram Temple – Colonial controntation between the Portuguese and the Danish
References
edit- ^ Codrington, H.W, "7", A Short History of Sri Lanka.
- ^ a b c P. E., Pieris (1920). Ceylon and the Portuguese (PDF). The University of California Los Angeles. pp. 197–206.
- ^ "Roland Crappe - www.foreningen-trankebar.dk". 123hjemmeside.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Christian IV drømte om guld og krydderier fra Indien: Sådan blev Tranquebar en dansk koloni". videnskab.dk (in Danish). 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ a b c d e Rindom, Jan (1995). OSTINDISK KOMPAGNI 1616-50 (PDF) (in Danish). DET KONGELIGE BIBLIOTEK. p. 24.
- ^ a b c Kumar, Lalit (2021). Danish East India Company: Establishment and Company's business activities in India and Southeast Asia 1620-1650 (PDF). Journal of Technology and Management. p. 15.
- ^ a b c d "Et dansk eventyr i Indien". Nationalmuseet (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ a b Bredsdorff, Asta (2009). The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 11.
- ^ "Tranquebar, 1620-1845". danmarkshistorien.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-04-14.