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Production
The primary producing reservoir is the Safaniya, a cretaceous sand in the Wasia formation. Most Geologist believe that the safaniya field and the neutral Zone Khafji field share the same aquifer that continues toward Kuwaits giant Burgan field. The Safaniya field has seven separate geologic intervals with production potential at vertical depths between 4,000 to 7,000 feet. It was brought into production in 1957 at about 25,000 barrels per day. After half a century of production almost all of Safaniya’s oil still comes from the Safaniya formation reservoirs. By 1993, there were a total of 624 wells in the field. When Saudi Arabia’s oil production peaked in 1980-1981, safaniya was producing over 1.5 million barrels per day. Today the field still produces 600,000 barrels per day. Safaniya is Saudi Arabia’s primary supplier of heavy oil at an average API gravity of 27.[1] [2]
Geology
The Safaniya Field is the largest offshore oil field in the world and is located in the Northern Area of the Persian Gulf. The field is an anticline structure with production area of about 65 km long and 15 km wide. It is a series of structures trending southwest-t northeast caused by uplift movement due to the Zagros reverse fault. Regional tectonic events such as compression occurred along eastern part of the Zagros belt during the Campanian which caused uplift and minor erosion of the Wasia Formation. The eroded units included the whole Mishrif Member and most of the Rumaila Member. This caused the Aruma unconformity to form. Because of the impact of the regional tectonic events during this time, structural traps for hydrocarbon accumulations started to form. Burial stage resumed and deposited the Aruma Formation at the end of the Campanian until the end of the Middle Eocene. In between Middle Eocene to Miocene, there was a hiatus of depositional events due to structural growth and non-deposition in the area. The last major event in the burial history of the area was Plio-Pleistocene Zagros orogeny which resulted in folding with NW-SE trends and uplift in the Persian Gulf area. [3]
Petroleum System
Saudi Arabia covers a large part of the Persian Basin which is the primary producer of oil and gas.The basement structures beneath the Persian Basin have controlled sediment deposition and structural growth of the basin. The main petroleum system of the Safaniya reservoir is the Mesozoic Petroleum System. The Mesozoic Petroleum System can be divided into two smaller petroleum systems, the Jurassic Petroleum System and Cretaceous Petroleum System. These small systems have generated hydrocarbons from the Jurassic to Cretaceous time period and largely contributed to the oil and gas production in the world's largest offshore field in Saudi Arabia the Safaniya Fields. The Jurassic Petroleum System consists of the Tuwaiq Mountain /Hanifa formations which are thick laminated organic-rich lime mudstone units from the Jurassic period and contain a type II kerogen that has excellent source rock potential. The carbon isotope ratios between the oils (avg. δ 13C = - 26.6‰) and the kerogen (avg. δ 13C = - 26.4‰) and bitumen (avg. δ 13C = - 27.1‰) [4] The typical seal rock in the Mesozoic petroleum system that separates the Jurassic oils from mixing with the Cretaceous oils is a permeable evaporites anhydrite with a thickness reaching up to 287 m. The seal is not well developed along the eastern and northeastern part of Saudi Arabia. This allows Jurassic oils to mix with Cretaceous oils and causes the production of Cretaceous oils with a Jurassic oils to be limited to the eastern and northeastern part of Saudi Arabia. The Cretaceous Petroleum System consists of the main reservoir in the Safaniya fields, the Safaniya member. The Safaniya member is a thick sequence of sandstone, siltstone and shale with thin intervals of limestone, coal and varying amounts of ironstone. The Mauddud Formation is intra-formational shales and tight carbonates that perfectly seals the reservoirs within the Safaniya Formation. [5]
Petroleum Movement
Jurassic source rocks began oil movement during the Late Cretaceous. The Tuwaiq Mountain source rock reached early stage maturity for oil generation at about 100 Ma and continued to attain its peak oil expulsion in the deeply buried areas at Early Tertiary time, approximately during a period of 65-54 Ma. Hydrocarbons generated then began to accumulate in an extensive gentle fold structures around the region. Oil generation and expulsion began about 75 Ma in the eastern part of the basin. By 50 Ma the oil had expanded westward and oil had started filling structures that had formed during the late Cretaceous. Today, the Hanifa and Tuwaiq Mountain source rocks east of the Ghawar structure have passed through the oil generation window. The source rocks in the basin center are still within the oil generation window. In the western part of the basin, the source rocks are immature and just starting to enter their oil window.[5] [1]
- ^ a b Powers, R.W. "Saudi Arabia (excluding the Arabian Shield)".
- ^ "Saudi Aramco World : Safaniya Field". archive.aramcoworld.com. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
- ^ Simmons, Matthew R. (2006-06-05). Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy. Wiley. ISBN 9780471790181.
- ^ Carrigan, W. J.; Cole, G. A.; Colling, E. L.; Jones, P. J. (1995-01-01). Katz, Dr Barry J. (ed.). Petroleum Source Rocks. Casebooks in Earth Sciences. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 67–87. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78911-3_5. ISBN 9783642789137.
- ^ a b Ali AlGeer, Ranya. "Origin of the Mid Cretaceous Heavy Oils from the Safaniya Sandstone Reservoir (Wasia Formation), Saudi Arabia" (PDF).