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Umimmak/sandbox/My House
C. trunata minor worker
C. trunata minor worker
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Camponotini
Genus: Colobopsis
Mayr, 1861[1]
Type species
Formica truncata[2]
Synonyms[4][5]
  • Camponotus (Colobopsis) Mayr, 1861[6]
  • Camponotus (Condylomyrma) Santschi, 1928[7]
  • Camponotus (Myrmogonia) Forel, 1912[8]
  • Dolophra Wu & Wang, 1994[9]

Colobopsis is a genus of formicine ant.

Biology

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C. explodens pupa. Like other Colobopsis pupae, it lacks a cocoon.

Most species of Colobopsis are arboreal. Most construct nests in dead branches, though some species nest in rotten wood or epiphytic ant-plants.[10]

The majority of Colobopsis species have a class of phragmotic major workers which block the entrance to the nests.[11] However there is less phragmosis in Fijian and Southeast species, with at least some species lacking a major worker subcaste altogether.[10]

Colobopsis pupae are not contained within a cocoon, unlike those of Camponotus.[10][12]: 140 

Taxonomic history

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The Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr first circumscribed the genus Colobopsis in 1861.[1] In 1903, the Italian entomologist Maximilian Spinola designated Formica truncata to be the type species of the genus.[2] Subsequent entomologists like Carlo Emery in 1889[6] and 1925,[13] William Morton Wheeler in 1904[12] and 1922,[14] and William Steel Creighton in 1950[15] treated Colobopsis as a subgenus of Camponotus.[4][16] William L. Brown, Jr. treated Colobopsis as a synonym of Camponotus in 1973.[17] George C. Wheeler and Jeanette Wheeler treated Colobopsis as a subgenus in 1953, but said "differences of generic magnitude separate it not only from the other subgenera of Camponotus but also from other genera of Camponotini."[18] In 1982, they wrote they "can certainly support the elevation by larval characters" and treated Colobopsis as its own genus.[16] The American entomologist Roy Snelling also treated Colobopsis as its own genus in 1981.[19] The generic status of Colobopsis was further supported by Philip S. Ward and colleagues following a phylogenomic study of the subfamily Formicinae.[20][10]

In 1912, the Swiss myrmecologist Auguste Forel circumscribed Myrmogonia, which he treated as a subgenus of Camponotus.[8] The American entomologist William Morton Wheeler designated Camponotus laminatus to be its type species in 1913.[21] Ward and colleagues synonymized Myrmogonia with the genus Colobopsis in 2016.[10]

The Swiss entomologist Felix Santschi circumscribed Condylomyrma, which he treated as a subgenus of Camponotus, in 1928. He included one species: C. (C.) bryani, which he described in the same work.[7] In 1934, the American entomologist William Morton Wheeler synonymized Condylomyrma with Colobopsis, which he also treated as a subgenus of Camponotus.[22]

In 1994, Jian Wu and Changlu Wang named a new genus, Dolophra. Their circumscription included only the type species, Dolophra politae, which was described in the same work.[9] In 1995, Barry Bolton synonymized Dolophra with the genus Camponotus. Discussions with Fabrizio Rigato, Alexander Radchenko, and others led him to synonymizing Dolophra with Colobopsis in 2003; at the time Colobopsis was considered a subgenus of Camponotus.[5]

Species

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As of 2018, approximately 100 species are recognized in the genus Colobopsis, including:[10][4]

Fossils

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C. brodiei holotype in the Natural History Museum

A fossil specimen of C. vitrea was found in copal from Sulawesi, Indonesia.[23] This copal is likely only a few thousand years old,[24] and dates to the Holocene.[25]

In 1920, Horace Donisthorpe described a fossil species which he named Camponotus (Colobopsis) brodiei; this description was based on a specimen which Donisthorpe dated to the Oligocene.[26] Ward and colleagues included Colobopsis brodiei in his 2016 list of Colobopsis species,[10] but Alexander V. Antropov and colleagues in a 2014 paper said the holotype is "so poorly preserved that it does not permit attribution to a subfamily" and instead refer to it as "Formicidae incertae sedis".[27] As of 2018, AntWeb refers to Colobopsis brodiei as being "unidentifiable" and dates the holotype to the late Eocene.[28]

Distribution

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Within the New World, Colobopsis species are found from the southern United States to Costa Rica. It is also found in Eurasia from the western Mediterranean to Japan. It is also found in Australia south through Tasmania, and into the Pacific as far east as New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Fiji. The genus is absent in the Afrotropical Realm and most of the Neotropical Realm.[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b Mayr, Gustav L. (1861). Die Europäischen Formiciden. Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn. pp. 11, 13, 25–26.
  2. ^ a b Bingham, C. T. (1903). Hymenoptera.—Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 342.
  3. ^ Spinola, Maximilianus (1808). Insectorum Liguriæ species novæ aut rariores. Vol. 2. Genua. p. 244.
  4. ^ a b c Bolton, Barry, ed. (2018). "Colobopsis". AntCat: An Online Catalog of the Ants of the World. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  5. ^ a b Bolton, Barry (2003). Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. Vol. 71. Gainesville, FL: The American Entomological Institute. pp. 113, 268. ISBN 1-887988-15-7.
  6. ^ a b Emery, Carlo (1889). "Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX. Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim racolte de Leonardo Fea (1885–87)". Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova. 27: 515–517.
  7. ^ a b Santschi, F. (1928). "Fourmis des îles Fidji". Revue suisse de zoologie. 35 (6): 72–74.
  8. ^ a b Forel, A. (1912). "Formicides néotropiques. Part. VI. 5me Sous-Famille Camponotinæ Forel". Mémoires de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 20: 92.
  9. ^ a b Wu, Jian; Wang, Changlu (1994). "A New Genus of Ants from Yunnan, China (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae)". Journal of Beijing Forestry University (English Ed.). 3 (1): 35–38 – via CNKI.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Ward, Philip S.; Blaimer, Bonnie B.; Fisher, Brian L. (2016). "A revised phylogenetic classification of the ant subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with resurrection of the genera Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex". Zootaxa. 4072 (3): 343–357. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4072.3.4.
  11. ^ Creighton, William S. (1967). "Living Doors". Natural History. 76 (10): 71–73. hdl:2246/6474.
  12. ^ a b Wheeler, William Morton (1904). "The American Ants of the Subgenus Colobopsis". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 20: 139–158. hdl:2246/623.
  13. ^ Emery, C. (1925). "Subgenus Colobopsis (Mayr), Emery emend". Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidæ, Subfam. Formicinæ. Genera Insectorum. Vol. 183. Bruxelles: Louis Desmet-Verteneuil. pp. 144–150.
  14. ^ Wheeler, Wm. M. (1922). "Keys to the Genera and Subgenera of Ants". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 45: 708.
  15. ^ Creighton, William Steel (1950). "The Ants of North America". Bulletin: Museum of Comparative Zoölogy. 104: 390–395.
  16. ^ a b Wheeler, George C.; Wheeler, Jeanette (1982). "Supplementary Studies on Ant Larvae: Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 89 (1–2): 179–180. doi:10.1155/1982/94920.
  17. ^ Brown, William L., Jr. (1973). "A Comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African Rain Forest Ant Faunas". In Meggers, B. J.; Ayensu, E. S.; Duckworth, W. D. (eds.). Tropical Forest Ecosystems in African and South Africa: A Comparative Review. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 179.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Wheeler, George C.; Wheeler, Jeanette (1953). "The Ant Larvae of the Subfamily Formicinae: Part II". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 46 (2): 181, 188–192. doi:10.1093/aesa/46.2.175. ISSN 0013-8746.
  19. ^ Snelling, Roy R. (1981). "Systematics of Social Hymenoptera". In Hermann, Henry R. (ed.). Social Insects. Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. p. 404. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-342202-6.50012-5. ISBN 0-12-342202-7.
  20. ^ Blaimer, Bonnie B.; Brady, Seán G.; Schultz, Ted R.; Lloyd, Michael W.; Fisher, Brian L.; Ward, Philip S. (2015). "Phylogenomic methods outperform traditional multi-locus approaches in resolving deep evolutionary history: a case study of formicine ants". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 11. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0552-5.
  21. ^ Wheeler, William Morton (1913). "Corrections and additions to "List of type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 23: 81. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1914.tb56938.x.
  22. ^ Wheeler, William Morton (1934). "Some Aberrant Species of Camponotus (Colobopsis) from the Fiji Islands". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 27 (3): 421–422. doi:10.1093/aesa/27.3.415.
  23. ^ Viehmeyer, H. (1913). "Ameisen aus dem Kopal von Celebes". Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. 74: 147.
  24. ^ Mazur, Nina; Nagel, Michael; Leppin, Ulrich; Bierbaum, Gabrielle; Rus, Jes (2014). "The extraction of fossil arthropods from Lower Eocene Cambay amber". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 59 (2): 455. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0018.
  25. ^ "Celebes copal (Holocene of Indonesia)". Fossilwork. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  26. ^ Donisthorpe, Horace St J.K. (1920). "British Oligocene Ants". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Ser. 9. 6 (31): 93. doi:10.1080/00222932008632412; Pl. V, Fig. 13 {{cite journal}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  27. ^ Antropov, Alexander V.; Belokobylskij, Sergey A.; Compton, Stephen G.; Dlussky, Gennady M.; Khalaim, Andrey I.; Kolyada, Victor A.; Kozlov, Mikhail A.; Perfilieva, Ksenia S.; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P. (2014). "The wasps, bees and ants (Insecta: Vespida=Hymenoptera) from the Insect Limestone (Late Eocene) of the Isle of Wight, UK". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 104 (3–4): 2, 99. doi:10.1017/S1755691014000103.
  28. ^ "Species: Colobopsis brodiei". AntWeb. 7.27.2. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
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