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List of Articles that I am considering contributing to:

1) Feminization of poverty

2) Trans woman

3) Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

4) Belva Ann Lockwood

bold bold bold

Section

subsection

Words will go here

Dominican Republic

The cycle of the feminization of poverty in the Dominican Republic is a direct result of cultural biases and systematic oppression. Dominican women make generally forty-four cents on the dollar as compared to men. This wage gap often leads to a high level of food insecurity among women in the Dominican Republic. Food insecurity often leads to an increased rate of dangerous behaviors such as unprotected sex and drug use. These behaviors put women at a greater risk for contracting HIV. There is a grand stigma around HIV positive women in the Dominican Republic. For this reason, women are more likely to be subjected to health screenings when applying for a job. If the screening reveals that a women is HIV positive, then they are almost guaranteed to be denied any position. Unemployment furthers the issue of food insecurity and because the HIV stigma is so prevalent in that culture, women are often ostracized from their families and forced to fend for themselves with no job prospects or support. One woman's doctor told her upon announcing her diagnosis, "What you have to do now is die," because he realized the severity of the cultural implication of the news. HIV positive women are also more likely to suffer domestic abuse. Children of HIV positive women are also affected. One women shared the story of her sister refusing to adopt her child when she was unable to provide for him after her diagnosis because the sister was afraid the child was tainted by virtue of his mother having the disease. The cycle runs deep of women suffering from HIV and therefor poverty within the country and the stigma disenfranchises citizens from wanting to address the problem.

8 Reliable Sources to Address How Women's Religion Affects the Feminization of Poverty

1) Article Title: How the Tax System Affects Women's Access to Paid Work

2) Article Title: "I Name It and I Claim It- In the Name of Jesus, This Job is Mine": Job Search, Networks, and Careers for Low-Income Women

3) Article Title: Low Income Islamic Women, Poverty and the Solidarity Economy in Iran

4) Article Title: "They don't have to live by the old traditions": saintly men, sinner women, and an Appalachian Pentecostal Revival

5) Article Title: A Gospel of Prosperity? An Analysis of the Relationship Between Religion and Earned Income in Ghana, the Most Religious Country in the World

6) Article Title: Religious Group Variation in the Socioeconomic Status and Family Behavior of Women

7) Article Title: A Power-Control Theory of Gender and Religiosity

8) Article Title: Violence Against Women in Pakistan: A Case Study of Cholistani Women

9) Article Title: Patriarchy v Islam: Gender and Religion in Economic Growth

10) Article Title: Segregation and Competition in Occupational Labor Markets

Annotated Bibliography

1) Low Income Islamic Women, Poverty and the Solidarity Economy in Iran

This article is about Muslim women from lower to middle income households and the role they play in the solidarity economy. The solidarity economy is not a government sanctioned economic system, but rather an unofficial one that is common in many Islamic communities. It is a system that emphasizes labor to improve the quality of life of its citizens as opposed to profit seeking motives. Women in impoverished communities in countries like Iran are generally major players in those countries’ solidarity economies. The women play the role that welfare systems play in more advanced economies. The article speaks about how socioeconomic status and religiosity affect the likelihood of Islamic women to play a part in solidarity economies.

Positives of using the article include the fact that it was published in 2014 and it is based on objective data. This makes it easy to talk about because it is relevant and will make it easier for me to use the data without accidentally adding any original research. I am thinking about using it to talk about how socioeconomic status plays a role in whether religion contributes to the feminization of poverty. I also like this article because it doesn’t have a Judeo-Christian focus like most of the articles that I found.

2) "They don't have to live by the old traditions": saintly men, sinner women, and an Appalachian Pentecostal Revival

This article is about the evolving tenants of the Pentecostal church and how they have affected women’s role in that religious community. It looks at different case studies such as Harlan County, Kentucky to demonstrate how while women are beginning to be allowed to hold important positions in the church, their role in the home has stayed the same. The Pentecostal religion is generally associated with poverty, and so the article addresses how many women will leave the Pentecostal community when they are young to escape this near inevitable status. It also talks about how women who choose to stay in the community are subjected to an extremely patriarchal society where they are expected to perform domestic tasks and don’t have the opportunity to own land.

While I believe that it has great information, I am slightly worried about using this article because it is from 1994 and conditions within the Pentecostal community could have changed within the last twenty years. I really like the information in this article because it speaks a lot about how religion creates a patriarchal system that keeps women in the cycle of poverty. I want to use it to show how religion is used to justify the feminization of poverty.

3) A Gospel of Prosperity? An Analysis of the Relationship Between Religion and Earned Income in Ghana, the Most Religious County in the World

This article looks at the Ghana Living Standards Survey from 2005 and 2006 to analyze the relationship between earned income and religiosity. It finds that Spiritualists, Pentecostals, and Methodists have the highest income of those surveyed while Traditionalists and Presbyterians have a lower status. The article takes care to explain the possible reasoning for these trends, such as the recent trend towards an emphasis of weal accumulation and self-confidence in the new Pentecostal church. The reasons for choosing to focus the study on Ghana was that it has a high notoriously high percentage of its population that identify as religious and it’s a developing country.

I really think that I can do good things with this article, especially because it includes the hypotheses of why the different religions might rank how they do. I am nervous to use this article, though because it does not emphasize gender in its discussion of class systems. I’m afraid that I might end up taking too much creative liberty in utilizing the gender-neutral facts and make it sound like the article talks more about gender than it does. I still think this will be a very important to use this article because one of people’s main problems with the feminization of poverty page is that it is very Americentric and I think this article will help to alleviate that.

4) Religious Group Variation in the Socioeconomic Status and Family Behavior of Women

This article relates information from Canada between 1971 to 1980 to show how fertility rate relates to income among women of different religions. It shows how women’s role in their families is a result of expectations of their religion and how it affects their ability to be competitive within the job market. The article supports the hypothesis that as countries become more secular, their wage gap decreases.

This article is useful for many reasons including its comprehensive analysis of religious cleavages in Canada and discussion of family roles as it relates to religion. The setbacks for this article are that it is from thirty years ago and it focuses primarily on Christian sects. The age of the information may make it seem less credible and the fact that it relays information about any religious sect that isn’t Christian as “other religions” even though the article doesn’t mention Christianity as its focus may seem prejudice. I want to use this article for the figures that show how religion affects family roles and how that affects income. Also, it is about Canada, and nothing in the article has touched on any other North American nation other than the USA.

5) Religious Affiliation and Work-Family Conflict Among Men and Women

This article is about the role that religion has on work and family issues in different genders. It presents the information of a study that compared the subjective experiences of four groups (Protestant, Catholics/Orthodox Christians, mainline protestants, and nonreligious people) with work and family conflicts. It made many telling conclusions about the differences between men and women when it comes to their religion and how it affects their home and work life. For example, the study concluded that conservative protestant women report less work-to-family conflict than their peers and women of other religious groups.

I plan to use this article to show how the expression of religious characteristics affects job performance among different genders.  The article talks about how women are more likely to have work conflicts due to their religious convictions and so I hope to use this information to show how religion can lead to the feminization of poverty for this reason. This article is a great resource because it finds a way to present subjective experiences in a very objective and analytical way that ensures that they will fit Wikipedia standards. Another positive is that this article was published September 9, 2017 so there is no doubt that it is current enough to fit the standards.

6) The Status of Muslim Civil Rights

This document is a report of the status Muslim civil rights in the United States in 2007. It was published by a non-profit group called the Council on American-Islamic Relations which prioritizes presenting Islamic perspectives on different issues affecting the American public. One of their other grand initiatives is monitoring and drawing attention to injustice towards Muslims by publishing a report. This report includes recommendations by the organization to stop discrimination against Muslims, examples of hate-crimes against Muslims, and documented cases of workplace discrimination.

The facts and figures provided by this document should be able to speak for themselves to show that Muslim women are highly discriminated against in the workplace because of their physical representation of their faith, but they don’t have to because the document provides analysis that asserts that Muslim women find it harder to find jobs in certain communities. I plan to use this language in my contribution and because I took the time to actually read the report and find express language in it that makes the points that I wish to articulate, I can ensure that I will not be tempted to do original research. I am a bit worried about the fact that the last report was published in 2007, so there is a possibility that some people could see the information as outdated, but I believe that it is still reliable because even if the numbers aren’t the same today as they were then, we know there is a general trend towards an increased rate of discrimination against Muslims in our country, so I doubt that Wikipedia will have an issue with me presenting the conclusions made in this article to show how being a female Muslim increases one's likelihood of becoming impoverished.

7) Article: Webb v City of Philadelphia- Amicus Brief

I am using an article about the third circuit court of appeals’ decision in Webb v City of Philadelphia. The facts of the case are that a Muslim woman was forbidden from covering her hair by wearing a a hijab when in uniform at her job as a police officer for the purposes of “neutrality.” The ruling in the case was that if Title VII was interpreted as allowing officers to be able to wear religious ornamentation with their outfits, it might prove to place “undue hardship” on the department.

The most useful part of the case for my purposes is the amicus curae brief that was submitted by the ACLU’s Program on Freedom of Religion and Belief. This document provides many examples of police departments that allow women to wear religious imagery without experiencing hardship. This addition to the case gave the court reason to address the difference between those cases and the case at bar and lead to a discussion about discrimination that I believe that I can pull language from. This case is not a supreme court case, but it is still from the federal court system and therefore should meet Wikipedia’s definition of a reliable source. The case also was argued in 2009 so the currency of it should prove that it is acceptable.

8) Discrimination Against Women in Halacha (Jewish Law) in Israel

This is an article about Jewish women in Israel. A majority of the article is addressing Halachic law in Israel, which is based on the principles of orthodox Judaism, and how it leads to discrimination among women. The article talks about many aspects of Halachic law, but sections 1 and 3 focus on what part of the precedent allows women to be discriminated against and what the application of those sectionsn look like in everyday life. The article talks about how gender equality is a human right and touches on how women should be able to reach the same level of personal status as men.

The last part of the above paragraph will be the part that I focus on when I am using this article in my contribution. This is because that section discusses personal status of jews of different genders and how it is affected by Halachic law, and part of personal status is one’s socioeconomic status. The article was written in December of 2016 and published  in the British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, so I believe that is should be seen as relevant and credible under Wikipedia’s standards.

WaterPost/sandbox Editing User:WaterPost/sandbox

WaterPost User:WaterPost/sandbox

Religion

I will talk about how Title VII is set to protect religious discrimination and how other measures are set about, but the problem still prevails.

Christianity

Article Title: Religious Affiliation and Work-Family Conflict Among Women and Men Application: This article provides lots of insightful information about how the general attitude of women towards their roles as mothers and career-women is affected by their religious affiliation.

Article Title: Religious Influences on Work-Family Trade-Offs Application: This article demonstrates how by following religious principles, many women are likely to make professional sacrifices to support their families or religious communities.

Article Title: A Gospel of Prosperity?An Analysis of the Relationship Between Religion and Earned Income in Ghana, the Most Religious County in the World Application: This article shows the relationship between women's identification with different sects of Christianity and their income levels in Ghana.

Article Title: "They don't have to live by the old traditions": saintly men, sinner women, and an Appalachian Pentecostal Revival Application: This article talks about how many women are leaving the Pentecostal community because of its strict moral codes that often don't allow women to participate in professional fields and how the Pentecostal community is reforming to prevent this mass exodus.

Islam

Article Title: No Right to Wear Religious Headscarf Under Uniform "Neutrality" Policy, Appeals Court Holds Application: This article talks about the circuit court case Webb v City of Philadelphia in which a Muslim female police officer was unable to wear her hijab with her uniform for "neutrality" purposes.

Article Title: The Status of Muslim Civil Rights in the United States 2007

Application: This article has a whole host of case studies that show instances of Muslim women being discriminated against due to their physical expression of their religion.

Judaism

Article Title: Discrimination Against Jewish Women in Halacha (Jewish Law) and Israel Application: I will use this article to show how Israeli law is often labeled as inegalitarian due to influences in Jewish law and I will talk about how this affects Jewish women's ability to reach their full potential.

Article Title: Jewish woman who asked to end workweek early for Sabbath says sheriff's office yanked job offer Application: This article is just an example of how women's marketability is affected by their religiosity.

Religion[edit | edit source]

Religion is an identity trait that a majority of people choose to associate themselves with. How people identify religiously can affect how they are seen by the world. Sometime people's religious identity affects their ability to have jobs and support themselves. With this in mind, legislation such as the United States' Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is created to prevent discrimination against employees based on their sex, race, color, national origin, and religion. Even with the existence of these types of regulations, religion can play a role in the feminization of poverty.

Christianity[edit | edit source]

By way of adhering to the general religious principles of Christianity such as hope and faith, Christians of nearly all sects are found to be more content and optimistic in their jobs than people of other religious backgrounds. Karl Marx articulated this point by referring to religion as the "opium of the masses," suggesting that it was a great pacifier that encouraged men and women to, "endure hardships with grace." This is a hypothesis for why Christians in countries such as Ghana have higher incomes than their nonreligious counterparts. The sect of Christianity that one adheres to, according to Reynolds and May in the Journal of Family issues, can also affect one's desirability and performance in the job market. The two found that Spiritualists, Pentecostals, and Methodists earned higher incomes than the Presbyterian base group that they studied in Ghana.

Religious principles also can affect family dynamics and values that often cause women, especially those who identify as Protestant, to be more likely to be more family oriented than their male counterparts and therefore take less hours or not have a job at all. In some religious communities, such as the Pentecostals, these patriarchal tendencies are causing many women to choose a more secular lifestyle so that they can be more independent and do things like own land have jobs. In order to counteract trends of disaffiliation associated with their principles, some communities are attempting to become more progressive in their ideologies. For example, a group of Appalachian Pentecostals came together to reform their belief system, and as a result released a statement to young women telling them that, "they don't have to live by the old traditions." According to author Shauna Scott, the leaders hoped the new freedom to own land and practice their religion more liberally would bring greater prosperity to the community and keep more young women in the faith.

Islam[edit | edit source]

Islamophobia is an idea that became very popular in the United States after September eleventh, 2001. Since then, there have been many instances of Muslim women being removed from their jobs due to their choice of visually representing their faith by wearing a hijab. A few of these instances were documented in the Status of Muslim Civil Rights in the United States in 2007. That publication included stories of a Muslim woman being fired from a Jiffy Lube because her hijab was considered a violation of their "no hats" rule, a Muslim woman being sent home from her job at Belk for having henna on her hands for the celebration of Eid-ul-Fitr, and an employee of an international hotel chain almost being terminated for praying during her breaks. These types of actions are supported by the 2008 Court of Appeals case Webb v City of Philadelphia in which a Muslim female police officer was asked not to wear her hijab during work in order to honor the police force's principles of "neutrality."

Judaism[edit | edit source]

According to author Cohen-Almagor Israel's acceptance of Halacha serves a juxtaposition to their self-proclaimed commitment to Human Rights because the system promotes many non-egalitarian principles towards women. Women generally do not have the same rights as men under Halacha and therefor they are often subject to discriminatory actions with no power to protect themselves in situations such as cases of job inequality.

Jewish women in communities outside of Israel, are also, according to a publication by Jackson Lewis, likely to be discriminated against. In their publication, Jackson Lewis shared a case study of a Jewish woman who had a job offer revoked after she asked to end her work week early on Fridays to honor the Sabbath.

Religion

Religious Discrimination from Within

Women's choice to identify with a particular religious sect or creed can negatively affect their participation in the labor market, thus leading to the the feminization of poverty. This conclusion is supported by a 2004 report by the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research that found that Muslim women were more likely to work part-time jobs than Muslim men because of their religion's emphasis on the role of women as caregivers and housekeepers. The study found that these women are more likely to be financially dependent than men because of their choice of participation in the labor market. High levels of financial dependency are not unique to the Islamic faith, according to Raphael Cohen-Almagor in a 2016 report, Jewish women are also considered to be household providers rather than breadwinners within the tradition of Halachic law. The report highlights this point by referencing the Jewish text, the Mishnah and pulling out lines such as , "she should fill for him his cup, make ready his bed and wash his face, hands and feet," when describing the role of women under Jewish law. The Christian faith also regards women as more demure and family-oriented than men. For this reason, women in certain sects of Christianity, namely Pentecostal women, are often forced to leave their faith traditions in order to escape the cycle of poverty bread by their religion's view of women.

Religious Discrimination in Society

Aside from the expectations placed on women by their own religions, society also holds certain biases against women of certain religions that causes them to have less success in the job market. This is seen most often among Muslim women who express their religion by wearing modest clothing and other traditional female Muslim accessories such as henna and hijabs. This was proven by a study by the Bristol school of Sociology that showed that Muslim women were 70 percent more likely to be unsuccessful in looking for work than Christian and nonreligious women. These numbers stem out of discrimination from various levels of society. On the local level, a woman was fired from a Jiffy Lube for wearing her hijab to work because it apparently violated the company's "no hat" rule. The company suffered no repercussions for this action. On the federal level, the court case Webb v Philadelphia ruled that an officer wearing her hijab with her uniform, which is a requirement for her religion, was in violation of the states' standard of neutrality and therefore could be terminated for her actions, making this type of discrimination precedent for similar situations. There are laws against this type of discrimination, such as America's Title XII of their Civil Right's Act of 1964 which makes it illegal for businesses to discriminate against their employees based on their sex, race, color, national origin, and religion, but even so this sort of religious and gender discrimination often intersect and lead to the feminization of poverty within certain communities.

Copy Edits- Feminization of Poverty Article

Edit 1:

Original Sentence: It is inaccurate to assume that income is the only deprivation that affects women's poverty, and to examine this issue from a multidimensional perspective there must first be accurate research and indices available for policy makers interested in gender empowerment.

Fixed: It is inaccurate to assume that income is the only deprivation that affects women’s poverty. To examine the issue from a multidimensional perspective, there must first be accurate and indices available for policy makers interested in gender empowerment.

Rule: Coordinating conjunctions with a comma should relate an independent and dependent clause- not just connect two dependent clauses that are not related to a high degree

http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/sentence-structure.html

Edit 2:

Original Sentence: Often aggregate indices are criticized for their concentration on monetary issues, especially when data on women's income is sparse, and grouping women into one large, undifferentiated mass.

Fixed: Often aggregate indices are criticized for their concentration on monetary issues, especially when data on women's income is sparse and groups women into one large, undifferentiated mass.

Rule: Commas do not have to be used every time the word “and” is used. For example, in this example it is not acting as a coordinating conjunction and therefor does not need to be employed.

Also, the verb tense was incorrect on the word “group.” It should have been “groups” instead of “grouping”.

Edit 3:

Original Sentence: Although this index has increased government attention to gender inequality and development, its three measures have often been criticized as neglecting important aspects.

Fixed: Although this index has increased government attention to gender inequality and development, its three measures have often been criticized for neglecting important aspects.

Rule: There is a misuse of “as” when “for” should have been used.

Edit 4:

Original Sentence:  Women in poverty are specifically more vulnerable to sexual violence and risk of HIV/AIDS, because they are most often, not able to defend themselves from influential people who might sexually abuse them

Fixed: Women in poverty are specifically more vulnerable to sexual violence and risk of HIV/AIDS, because they are most often not able to defend themselves from influential people who might sexually abuse them

Rule: There was an unnecessary comma.

Edit 5:

Original Sentence: Women impoverished, foreign, socially deprived, and at other disadvantages are more susceptible to being recruited into trafficking.

Fixed: Women who are impoverished, foreign, socially deprived, or at other disadvantages are more susceptible to being recruited into trafficking.

Rule: There was improper adjective/noun placement here.

Religion

Religious Discrimination from Within

Women's choice to identify with a particular religious sect or creed can negatively affect their participation in the labor market, thus leading to the the feminization of poverty. This conclusion is supported by a 2004 report by the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research that found that Muslim women were more likely to work part-time jobs than Muslim men because of their religion's emphasis on the role of women as caregivers and housekeepers. The study found that these women are more likely to be financially dependent than men because of their choice of participation in the labor market. High levels of financial dependency are not unique to the Islamic faith, according to Raphael Cohen-Almagor in a 2016 report, Jewish women are also considered to be household providers rather than breadwinners within the tradition of Halachic law. The report highlights this point by referencing the Jewish text, the Mishnah and pulling out lines such as , "she should fill for him his cup, make ready his bed and wash his face, hands and feet," when describing the role of women under Jewish law. The Christian faith also regards women as more demure and family-oriented than men. For this reason, women in certain sects of Christianity, namely Pentecostal women, are often forced to leave their faith traditions in order to escape the cycle of poverty bread by their religion's view of women.

Religious Discrimination in Society

Aside from the expectations placed on women by their own religions, society also holds certain biases against women of certain religions that causes them to have less success in the job market. This is seen most often among Muslim women who express their religion by wearing modest clothing and other traditional female Muslim accessories such as henna and hijabs. This was proven by a study by the Bristol school of Sociology that showed that Muslim women were 70 percent more likely to be unsuccessful in looking for work than Christian and nonreligious women. These numbers stem out of discrimination from various levels of society. On the local level, a woman was fired from a Jiffy Lube for wearing her hijab to work because it apparently violated the company's "no hat" rule. The company suffered no repercussions for this action. On the federal level, the court case Webb v Philadelphia ruled that an officer wearing her hijab with her uniform, which is a requirement for her religion, was in violation of the states' standard of neutrality and therefore could be terminated for her actions, making this type of discrimination precedent for similar situations. There are laws against this type of discrimination, such as America's Title XII of their Civil Right's Act of 1964 which makes it illegal for businesses to discriminate against their employees based on their sex, race, color, national origin, and religion, but even so this sort of religious and gender discrimination often intersect and lead to the feminization of poverty within certain communities.