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User:Xukeying2022039098/法拉盛草原可乐娜公园的历史

Flushing Meadows Corona Park（Flushing Meadows–Corona Park）is a public park in northern Queens, New York City.The site of the park was once a geologic component of the Hudson River.It was a dumping ground from the first decade of the 20th century, when the land was so far from the built-up area of New York City that it was virtually worthless.New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses originally conceived the idea of developing a large park in Flushing Meadows in the 1920s as part of the overall Eastern Queens park system.Flushing Meadows Colonna Park was developed as the site of the 1939 New York World's Fair and hosted the 1964 World's Fair. After the 1964 World's Fair, the park fell into a state of disrepair, but some improvements have been made since the 1990s and 2000s.

Early stage

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During at least three ice ages, including the Wisconsin Ice Age about 20,000 years ago, the ice sheet traveled southward across North America, carving out moraines, valleys, and hills. Bays and estuaries were formed, especially on the north shore of Long Island.Long Island was composed of sand, gravel, clay and boulders, and during the Ice Age, the terminal moraine spanned Long Island and formed the site of what is now Flushing Meadows Park on its northern edge.[1]The moraine creates a watershed, and rivers north of the moraine (such as the future Flushing River) drain north into the Gulf. Where Flushing Meadows became a glacial lake, the ice melted and became a salt marsh.[2] Before the glaciers melted, the Hudson River used to use the Flushing Valley to drain south into the Atlantic Ocean.[3]By the 19th century, the site still consisted of wetlands that straddled the Flushing River.Species inhabiting the site include geese and fiddler crabs, as well as fish that spawn in the pond.[2]

The earliest settlers in the area were the Algonquian (English:) Native Americans of Long Island (once incorrectly referred to as "Mantinecocks").[4]They consisted of the Lenape tribes of "Canarsee" and "Rockaway",[1]:5 and lived in the coastal wetlands of present-day Queens and Brooklyn.[5][6]Beginning in 1640, Dutch immigrants moved into the area, establishing Newtown, which later became Elmhurst, Colona (English: ) and other parts of western Queens, on the west side of the area, and Flushing Township on the east side.[4]This meadow is known as Corona Meadows.[7]: 8 By 1666, Native Americans had been driven from the Flushing Meadows by European settlers, and the compacts retained only the right of Native Americans to hunt on the land.In the mid- to late 1700s, a few wealthy landowners began to build farmhouses on the property. The prairie provided settlers with numerous natural resources, including timber, water, fertile soil, and grass and hay for grazing livestock.[7]: 8 During the American Revolution, a farmhouse on the site of what would become the Exposition Pier (English: ) was used as the headquarters of the British Army.[8]

 
Flushing Meadows Corona Park in Autumn

By the 1800s, the original road through the prairie had been established, heading along present-day Northern Boulevard and the Long Island Expressway.[9]: 8–9 Several railroads were also laid at the site, including the Flushing and Northside Railroad (the present-day Port Washington Branch of the LIRR and the defunct White Rock Branch).[9]: 9 Shortly after the Civil War, the meadow became a waterfront resort for its natural beauty, and wealthy New Yorkers built homes in the area.[10]English saloon owner Harry Hill built the Flushing Bay Hotel & Gazebo at what would become the pier.[11]

Landfills and use as dumpsites

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Around 1907, contractor Michael Degnon, whose company built the Williamsburg Bridge, the Cape Cod Canal, and the Steinway Tunnel (English:) [now 7 and <7> trains are still in use] purchased a large tract of marshland near the Flushing River.[12][13]At the time, the land was considered "practically worthless." 11 Denon envisioned using the land to build a large industrial harbor around Flushing Bay, similar to the wharf he developed in Long Island City.[13][12][14]By 1911, Denon had developed a plan in conjunction with the U.S. War Department and the Queens Topographical Office. The plan envisioned the widening of the Flushing River and the construction of ship terminals, as well as numerous factories and freight facilities. At the same time, it was envisioned that the residential neighborhoods of Colona would become the primary residence for factory workers.[15][16]

 
Valley of Ashes

To build the harbor, beginning in 1910, Denon began using household coal ash and street sweepings from Brooklyn to fill the land. Denon formed two companies of his own, one of which had a contract with the New York City Department of Sanitation . He also contracted with the Brooklyn Ash Removal Company, owned by a member of the corrupt Tammany Association political establishment. Domestic coal ash is collected via vehicles of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and then loaded onto freight trains that transport the waste to Colona via the Long Island Railroad spur or other vehicles.[17][18]This method has been called a citywide "conveyor belt" for garbage, while the trains have been nicknamed the "Talcum Powder Express" because they often travel uncovered, allowing coal ash to drift into the surrounding environment.[19][17]The northernmost portion of this site was filled in by now conventional means using silt pumped from Flushing Bay, which was conveyed to a lower level. The material from the bay is extracted by an offshore hydraulic press, passed through a 1,500-foot (460 m) pipe across Northern Boulevard, and deposited in the wetlands.[19][18]Landfill work in the northern part of the prairie was completed in 1916.

In 1917, aspirations to build a harbor fell through, partly because of material constraints caused by World War I and partly because of a lack of federal support for the project. Industrial activity in the district was supported by pre-existing terminals in Long Island City, Maspeth , Flushing, and College Point.[20][21]However, ash continues to be dumped into the prairie due to the increased use of waste incinerators in the city.[22]The area is known as the Corona Dump or Corona Ash Dumps.[22]Approximately 50,000,000 cubic yards (38,000,000 m3) of coal ash and refuse were dumped in this area of the prairie over the course of nearly 30 years of landfilling.One of the mounds was piled up to a height of 90 feet (27 m) and is known as "Mount Corona".[23][22][24]Other mounds were piled to a height of 40-50 feet (12-15 m).[25]The average thickness of the coal ash amounted to 30 feet (9.1 m).

These piles produce strong odors, are unsightly, and have been the subject of an increasing infestation of rats in the local community, which has led to the anger of local residents.[26][27][28][29]Most of the "street sweepings" collected consisted of horse manure from horse-drawn carriages. In addition, many residents simply throw away ordinary garbage with coal ash.[28][30]The prairie is also considered one of the worst mosquito breeding grounds in the city.[26][31]The dump is famously described in Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby as "a valley of ashes."[28][27]Fitzgerald also described the Flushing River, which was already polluted by the landfill, as "a small foul river".[32]Dumps and garbage trains were blamed for contributing to the 1916 polio outbreak in Colonna.[30]The Brooklyn Ash Removal Company was sued by local residents in 1923 for "violating environmental health regulations" because of the fumes emanating from the landfill.[33][34]The company made smaller concessions and opened Corona Park Golf and Country Club in 1931 in an area near Nassau Boulevard (today's Long Island Expressway).[32][35]

Turn into a park

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New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses originally conceived the idea of developing a large park in Flushing Meadows in the 1920s.[36]: 1083 At the time, he envisioned the site as a "true 'Central Park,'" especially since so much of the city's population had moved to Queens and Long Island due to urban sprawl. Moses also planned for Flushing Meadows to be the westernmost park in the park belt that runs through Queens, which also includes Catherina Park, Cunningham Park, Trail Pond Park, and Douglaston Park.[37][38]In 1929, representatives from neighboring communities developed a plan to turn the dump into a recreational site and presented it to Queens Borough President George U. Harvey .[39]

In 1930, Moses issued plans for numerous parks and roads in the city. These included the Grand Central Expressway, the construction of which required acquiring land from landfills. One of the temporary projects listed was Flushing River Park and the "Flushing River Parkway."[40]: 213 [41]Brooklyn Ash Removal Company's contract with the city expired in 1933[42][43]，The city took over on May 25, 1934, the assets and operations of the company.[44][45][46]The Brooklyn Ash Removal Company's assets occupied approximately 300 acres (120 ha) of the 1,000 acres (400 ha) of the site, which was located just north of the present Long Island Expressway.[47]: 7 [40]: 213 The remainder of the prairie still contains natural wildlife. It was frequented by trappers and used by local residents to gather firewood and grow vegetables, and became a shantytown during the Great Depression in the United States.[40]: 217 The area of the garbage pile is also used to grow vegetables, and the garbage and manure fertilizes the soil.[48]

In 1935, the site was planned to be transformed into Flushing Meadows Park, which was chosen as the site for the 1939 World's Fair.[49]In addition to the trash dump and undeveloped prairie, homes east of 111th Street (111th Street) in Colonna, near the trash dump, were demolished and the land was set aside for a park to displace the residents.[50]: 8 [51]: 218 [52]The plan was drafted by Parks Department landscape architect Gilmour David Clark and his partner Michael Rapuano and designed in a rag-and-bone art style.Work on the World's Fair grounds began on 6/16/1936.[53]The project consisted primarily of grading ash mounds, with the remaining material used to fill in other areas of the prairie. Two areas were dug deeper and used to form Prairie Lake and Willow Lake, while much of the Flushing River was diverted into underground culverts. A sluice gate was also constructed to prevent tidal flooding of the lakes.: 1085 [54]: 5 [51]: 213 [55]: 37, 52 [56]In addition to recreation, both lakes will serve as repositories for excess stormwater runoff.[57]: 9 Dirt dredged from the lake was used as additional topsoil for the park.[58]The project was a 24-hour job with 450 workers working three shifts a day.[54]: 7 [53][59][60]Workers had to contend with the effects of rising tides and dust storms caused by coal ash. This work dramatically altered the topography of the grasslands, which was markedly different from the original terrain formed by the glaciers. Thousands of trees were transplanted to the Expo site to create a natural landscape. At the same time, thousands of 100 feet (30 m) tall Douglas fir timbers were driven into the ground to serve as pilings for the Expo structures.[51]: 219 The pedestrian plan calls for many tree-lined paths, including a central "Cascade Mall" leading to the Triangle Tower and Closed Ball, many of which will be reserved for parks.[58]

Faced with a mountain of garbage that had to be disposed of, Moses filled a sizable portion of it in at the edge of the park or under a few of the roads that ran through it.[61]: 8 [62]: 214 [62]: 214 These include the Van Wyck Expressway (Interstate 678 along the east side of the park, the nearby Interboro Parkway (now Jackie Robinson Expressway ), and the Long Island Expressway (Interstate 495), which divides the park into northern and southern halves. The Grand Central Expressway separates a small portion of the western side from the main northern half, while the east-west Jewel Avenue bisects the southern half.[61][63][64]: 14 The success of the Flushing Meadows site in being turned from a garbage dump into a park prompted Moses and the city to develop other wetlands in the city into parks through short-term landfills. This approach was also used to create Marine Park (Brooklyn Park) and Spring Creek Park in Brooklyn, and Ferry Point Park in the Bronx. This was also the original plan for Clear Spring Creek and Edgemere Landfill , which remained open beyond their planned lifespan and became large and long-lived municipal landfills.[61][62][65]The Clear Spring Creek Landfill is currently being developed as Clear Spring Creek Park.[62]: 321 

Two World Expositions

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1964年世博会期间的展览场地鸟瞰图。

In November, 939, a main water main running through Flushing Meadows Park to supply water to Flushing ruptured. Unlike the Exposition building, the line was not constructed on pilings and eventually sank into the marsh and landfill.In January 1940, Borough President Harvey called for an investigation of the main building, and the Board of Estimate appropriated $50,200 for repairs.[66]It was planned that the site would be cleared for the development of Flushing Meadows and opened as a city park in 1940 after the fair. But the outbreak of World War II delayed the project.[67][68]The profits from the Expo were intended to be used to pay back the costs incurred in developing the park, but despite its success, the Fair suffered a financial loss.[69]: 3 Only two permanent attractions were opened in 1941: a skating rink and roller rink at the New York City Building, the[70][71][72]As well as a public swimming pool located at the York State Marine Amphitheatre (now demolished).[73]The pool utilizes the pool that was used for the "Billy Rose Aquarium " during the fair.[74]: 13 [75]: 29 

 
1939年纽约世界博览会

Beginning in 1946, some of the buildings from the 1939 World's Fair were used as the first temporary headquarters of the United Nations. During this period, the former New York City building was used by the United Nations General Assembly.[76]: 14–15 [77]: 53 : 1⋅11 [78][79]Moses tried to sell Flushing Meadows to the United Nations as a permanent headquarters, which would have required new buildings and a redesign of the Expo's layout. The offer was rejected because of concerns about the ability of the once swampy area to withstand the structure, as well as the lack of "scenic beauty" of the prairie and its distance from Manhattan.The United Nations moved to its present permanent headquarters in 1951.[80]: 1085 [76]: 21 [81]The New York City Building was later renovated to serve as the New York City Pavilion at the 1964/1965 World's Fair, which included the Panorama of the City of New York - a large-scale model of the entire city.[76]: 24 [79][82]This is one of the two buildings that survived the 1939/40 World's Fair and is the only one that remains in its original location.[77]: 53 （The other, the Belgian Pavilion , was dismantled and moved to the campus of Virginia Union University in 1941.[76]: 18 ）It is now the Queens Museum, still in use and occasionally updated with panoramic views of the city.[79]Meanwhile, the rest of the park has become deserted and wildlife has moved back into the area.[78]During this period, the park has only undergone relatively minor upgrades.[76]: 18–19 

 
1964年世界博览会上的大地球仪

In 1959, Flushing Meadows was chosen as the site for the 1964 World's Fair.Gilmore Clark and Michael Lapuano were retained to remodel the original 1939 park layout for the new World's Fair.[83][84]Three structures were preserved from the 1939 World's Fair. At the same time, a number of new structures and attractions were built thatIncludes the Great Globe, Shea Stadium, the New York Hall of Science, and the Queens Botanical Garden; the latter three of which will serve as permanent attractions in the future park.[85]The Great Globe was the main symbol of the 1964/1965 World's Fair and has been the park's main iconic sculpture ever since.[86][84]It is located where the closed ball was located during the last World Expo.[84]The Van Wyck Expressway follows the right-of-way of the former Exposition Railroad north through the park.Moses and the Parks Department also developed post-Expo plans to complete Flushing Meadows Park as well as Kissena Corridor Park and Kissena Park, which were expected to be completed in 1967.[85]: 57 [87]

In early 1964, in preparation for that year's World's Fair, the New York City Council added the word "Colonna" to the park's name, which became Flushing Meadows Colonna Park. Councilman Edward Sadowsky explained that this was an attempt to redress an injustice: "The people of Colona have long lived with the stench of the dump or garbage heap for which the community was named. Now, when beautiful things are seen, the name Colana is not mentioned."[88]After the Expo, most of the remaining $11.6 million in funding, along with money from the Tri-Borough Bridge and Tunnel Authority in Moses, was used to restore the site to a true park.[89][90]Flushing Meadows Colona Park was transferred back to the Parks Department from the World's Fair Corporation and opened on June 3, 1967.[91]

After the World Expo

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荷西·德·里维拉 [en]创作的《自由形式》，建造于1964年
 
马歇尔·弗雷德里克斯 [en]创作的《人类精神的自由》，建造于1964年左右
 
唐纳德·德·吕 [en]的《掷火箭者 [en]》，专为1964年世界博览会创作

Although the park is open, it has not yet become the great park that Moses originally envisioned.[92]: 1086–1087 In August 1967, the new Parks Commissioner, August Heckscher II, attempted to begin the process of improving the park as "Central Park for the 20th century." Architects Marcel Breuer and Kenzo Tange designed new plans for the park, but due to communication problems with the New York City Comptroller's office, the project was not funded.[93]By 1972, little had been done to remodel the park, and many of the Exposition buildings were in a state of disrepair.[94][95]This disrepair is systemic within the park system, a product of a lack of funding during a decade of fiscal crisis.[96]: 19 This state of disrepair continued into the 1980s.[97]

In 1978, the U.S. Open was moved from the Westside Tennis Club in Forest Knolls to Flushing Meadows Corona Park. The tournament was originally held at Singers Bowl Stadium (renamed Louis Armstrong Stadium), a 1964 World's Fair building that was renovated and expanded for the tournament. Other parts of the park were also repaired or expanded for the game, including the fountains of the Great Globe.[98][99]

Since the early 1990s, the handrails, steps, and fountain pool edges of the New York State Pavilion have been utilized by skateboarders and featured in famous East Coast skate videos.[100][101][102]In 2010, a skatepark was built next to it to host the Maloof Currency Cup skateboarding competition. The skate park was designed by professional skateboarders Chris Cole, Jeff Rowley and Steve Rodriguez and built by California Skateparks . It was built on the site of the 1964 World's Fair Astral Fountain.[100][101][103]

By the early 2000s, the park had become home to many homeless people.This fact gained attention because five potentially homeless people were kidnapped, raped, and one woman received death threats as she and her companion sat near the Metro-Willis Point subway station.

Some improvements were made to Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in the 2000s and 2010s, and the Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Conservancy was established in 2002 to advocate for the area's parkland.[104]The $66.3 million Flushing Meadows Swimming Pool , which opened in 2008, contains an Olympic-standard public indoor swimming pool and an NHL-standard ice skating rink. The facility is the largest recreation center in a New York City park at 110,000 square feet (10,000 m2).[105]Then in 2009 Citi Field was built and opened, a new baseball stadium to replace Shea Stadium.[106]Another public-private partnership, the Alliance for Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, was formed in 2015.[107]It began construction of several improvements at Flushing Meadows Colona Park, or announced plans to do so.[108]which includes a plan to restore the New York State Pavilion.[109][110]，and the construction of a "Misty Garden" in the park's Expo Fountain.[111][112][108]Other projects include the construction of a promenade around Prairie Lake, [108][111][113]As well as the restoration of the World's Fair Playground and marina.[108]

In 2015, Flushing Meadows Colona Park also began hosting the Queens Night Market , a summer food market offering food from dozens of countries. Its affordable prices, with all the food topping out at $5-6, made the market quite popular.[114][115]Another food festival is World's Fare, which began in 2017 and is held in the parking lot of Citi Field around the third weekend in May.[116][117]

Bibliography

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